Abstract
Exogenously appliedproline or potassium (K) ability to ameliorate the adverse influences of irrigation with saline (NaCl; 120 mM) water in wheat plants (Triticumaestivum L.) was studied using a controlled pot experiment. Twenty-day-old plants were irrigated with saline water in combination with spraying plants with proline (10 mM) or K (6 mM K 2 O in K 2 SO 4 ) until plants reached 50 days in old at which experiments were terminated. Except for increasing K + content and K + /Na + ratio with K application and elevating proline content with proline application, either proline or K foliar application not affected all other tested parameters. On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX). However, foliar application of proline or K for salt stressed plants alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in wheat plants by increasing salt tolerance in plants through further increases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and endogenous contents of proline and K, in addition to recovering plant growth. The results of this study recommend using either proline or K as foliar spray to wheat plants when grown under salt stress conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced wheat growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced wheat photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced wheat K + content.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- K + contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced wheat K + /Na + ratio.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- K + /Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced wheat catalase (CAT) activity.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased wheat contents of Na + , C0.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- contents of Na + , C0e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased wheat osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased wheat activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, salt stress significantly reduced growth characteristics (length, fresh and dry weights of plant shoot), photosynthesis efficiency (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, and performance index), K + content, K + /Na + ratio and catalase (CAT) activity, while significantly increased the contents of Na + , C0 and osmoprotectants and non-enzymatic antioxidants (free proline, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid; AsA and glutathione; GSH), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, ascorbate peroxidase; APX and glutathione peroxidase; GPX).”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
K foliar application increased K content and K/Na ratio.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- K applicatione0
- Outcome
- K + content and K + /Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for increasing K + content and K + /Na + ratio with K application and elevating proline content with proline application, either proline or K foliar application not affected all other tested parameters.”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline application elevated proline content.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for increasing K + content and K + /Na + ratio with K application and elevating proline content with proline application, either proline or K foliar application not affected all other tested parameters.”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Other tested parameters were unaffected by proline or K foliar application.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum (L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- either proline or K foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- all other tested parameterse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for increasing K + content and K + /Na + ratio with K application and elevating proline content with proline application, either proline or K foliar application not affected all other tested parameters.”
t0“Triticum aestivum (L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline or K increased antioxidant enzyme activity and endogenous proline and K under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar application of proline or Ke0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes and endogenous contents of proline and Ke0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, foliar application of proline or K for salt stressed plants alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in wheat plants by increasing salt tolerance in plants through further increases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and endogenous contents of proline and K, in addition to recovering plant growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline or K recovered growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar application of proline or Ke0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- recoveringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, foliar application of proline or K for salt stressed plants alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in wheat plants by increasing salt tolerance in plants through further increases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and endogenous contents of proline and K, in addition to recovering plant growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend a foliar spray of proline or K for wheat under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- using either proline or K as foliar spray to wheat plants when grown under salt stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of this study recommend using either proline or K as foliar spray to wheat plants when grown under salt stress conditions.”
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See all 87 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.