Abstract
Taking high protein wheat variety 'Beinong 9549' as test material, this paper studied the effects of foliage-spraying different concentration (0, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol x L(-1)) proline on the growth and heavy metal uptake of wheat seedlings under cadmium stress. Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control. With the increasing concentration of sprayed proline, the root length, plant height and dry mass, and leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents increased gradually to the levels of the control, the leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity increased, the leaf soluble protein content decreased after an initial increase, the leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability decreased, and the Zn accumulation increased while the Cd and Cu accumulation decreased. In sum, foliage-spraying proline could alleviate the cadmium stress on the growth of wheat seedlings, and spraying 5.0-10.0 mmol x L(-1) of proline could obtain the best effect.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased wheat root length by 24.0%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 24.0%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased wheat plant height by 15.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 15.0%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased wheat dry mass by 27.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- dry masse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27.5%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased wheat leaf chlorophyll a by 23.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 23.3%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased wheat b by 6.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 6.7%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased wheat carotenoid contents by 30.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30.8%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased wheat leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by 18.4%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18.4%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased wheat leaf proline by 78.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- leaf prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.6%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased wheat ascorbic acid by 31.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31.5%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased wheat malondialdehyde (MDA) contents by 17.9%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased wheat membrane permeability by 24.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- membrane permeabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.8%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress higher wheat leaf peroxidase (POD) activity by 2.4 folds.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- leaf peroxidase (POD) activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.4 foldse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress promoted wheat Cu uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- Cu uptakee0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress inhibited wheat Zu absorption.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2e0
- Outcome
- Zu absorptione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“Under the stress of 1.0 mmol x L(-1) of CdCl2, the root length, plant height and dry mass, leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents of the seedlings decreased significantly by 24.0%, 15.0%, 27.5%, 23.3%, 6.7% and 30.8%, respectively, the leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 18.4%, the leaf proline, ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the membrane permeability increased significantly by 78.6%, 31.5%, 17.9% and 24.8%, respectively, the leaf peroxidase (POD) activity was 2.4 folds higher, and the Cu uptake was promoted while the Zu absorption was inhibited, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sprayed proline increased wheat root length, plant height and dry mass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- sprayed prolinee0
- Outcome
- root length, plant height and dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“With the increasing concentration of sprayed proline, the root length, plant height and dry mass, and leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents increased gradually to the levels of the control, the leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity increased, the leaf soluble protein content decreased after an initial increase, the leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability decreased, and the Zn accumulation increased while the Cd and Cu accumulation decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sprayed proline increased wheat leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- sprayed prolinee0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“With the increasing concentration of sprayed proline, the root length, plant height and dry mass, and leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents increased gradually to the levels of the control, the leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity increased, the leaf soluble protein content decreased after an initial increase, the leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability decreased, and the Zn accumulation increased while the Cd and Cu accumulation decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sprayed proline increased wheat leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- sprayed prolinee0
- Outcome
- leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“With the increasing concentration of sprayed proline, the root length, plant height and dry mass, and leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents increased gradually to the levels of the control, the leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity increased, the leaf soluble protein content decreased after an initial increase, the leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability decreased, and the Zn accumulation increased while the Cd and Cu accumulation decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sprayed proline decreased after an initial increase wheat leaf soluble protein content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- sprayed prolinee0
- Outcome
- leaf soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- decreased after an initial increasee0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“With the increasing concentration of sprayed proline, the root length, plant height and dry mass, and leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents increased gradually to the levels of the control, the leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity increased, the leaf soluble protein content decreased after an initial increase, the leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability decreased, and the Zn accumulation increased while the Cd and Cu accumulation decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sprayed proline decreased wheat leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- sprayed prolinee0
- Outcome
- leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeabilitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“With the increasing concentration of sprayed proline, the root length, plant height and dry mass, and leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents increased gradually to the levels of the control, the leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity increased, the leaf soluble protein content decreased after an initial increase, the leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability decreased, and the Zn accumulation increased while the Cd and Cu accumulation decreased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sprayed proline increased wheat Zn accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Beinong 9549t1
- Treatment
- sprayed prolinee0
- Outcome
- Zn accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
t1“'Beinong 9549'”
e0“With the increasing concentration of sprayed proline, the root length, plant height and dry mass, and leaf chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents increased gradually to the levels of the control, the leaf proline and ascorbic acid contents and the leaf SOD activity increased, the leaf soluble protein content decreased after an initial increase, the leaf POD activity, MDA content and membrane permeability decreased, and the Zn accumulation increased while the Cd and Cu accumulation decreased.”
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8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.