Abstract
Salinity stress (SS) is a challenging abiotic stress that limits crop growth and productivity. Sustainable and cost effective methods are needed to improve crop production and decrease the deleterious impacts of SS. Zinc (Zn) nano-particles (NPs) have emerged as an important approach to regulating plant tolerance against SS. However, the mechanisms of SS tolerance mediated by Zn-NPs are not fully explained. Thus, this study was performed to explore the role of Zn-NPs (seed priming and foliar spray) in reducing the deleterious impacts of SS on wheat plants. The study comprised different SS levels: control, 6 and 12 dS m −1 , and different Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination. Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield. This was associated with enhanced electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) accumulation, reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, and P). However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop, which was associated with reduced abscisic acid (ABA), MDA, H 2 O 2 concentration, and EL, owing to improved antioxidant activities, and an increase in RWC, Pn, Tr, WUE, and the accumulation of osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP, and FAA) and hormones (GA and IAA). Furthermore, Zn-NPs contrasted the salinity-induced uptake of toxic ions (Na and Cl) and increased the uptake of Ca, K, Mg, N, and P. Additionally, Zn-NPs application substantially increased the wheat grain Zn bio-fortification. Our results support previous findings on the role of Zn-NPs in wheat growth, yield, and grain Zn bio-fortification, demonstrating that beneficial effects are obtained under normal as well as adverse conditions, thanks to improved physiological activity and the accumulation of useful compounds. This sets the premise for general use of Zn-NPs in wheat, to which aim more experimental evidence is intensively being sought. Further studies are needed at the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic level to better acknowledge the mechanisms of general physiological enhancement observed with Zn-NPs application.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced growth, biomass and grain yield of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growth, biomass, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
e1“enhanced electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased sodium and chloride accumulation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) accumulatione1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
e1“enhanced electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and photosynthetic rate of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
e1“reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, and P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced transpiration rate, stomata conductance and water use efficiency of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
e1“reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, and P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced free amino acids, total soluble protein and indole acetic acid of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
e1“reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, and P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced gibberellic acid in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- gibberellic acid (GA)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
e1“reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, and P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced the Ca, Mg, K, N and P content of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- Ca, Mg, K, N, and Pe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress markedly reduced plant growth, biomass, and grain yield”
e2“different SS levels: control”
e1“reduced photosynthetic pigments, relative water contents (RWC), photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomata conductance (Gs), water use efficiency (WUE), free amino acids (FAA), total soluble protein (TSP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), and nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, N, and P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of wheat compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- yield of the wheat crope1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs reduced abscisic acid, MDA and hydrogen peroxide concentration in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA), MDA, H 2 O 2 concentratione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“associated with reduced abscisic acid (ABA), MDA, H 2 O 2 concentration, and EL, owing to improved antioxidant activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs reduced electrolyte leakage in wheat.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“associated with reduced abscisic acid (ABA), MDA, H 2 O 2 concentration, and EL, owing to improved antioxidant activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs improved antioxidant activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“associated with reduced abscisic acid (ABA), MDA, H 2 O 2 concentration, and EL, owing to improved antioxidant activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs increased relative water content, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- RWC, Pn, Tre3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“an increase in RWC, Pn, Tr, WUE, and the accumulation of osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP, and FAA) and hormones (GA and IAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs increased water use efficiency in wheat.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“an increase in RWC, Pn, Tr, WUE, and the accumulation of osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP, and FAA) and hormones (GA and IAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs increased the accumulation of osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP and FAA) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP, and FAA)e3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“an increase in RWC, Pn, Tr, WUE, and the accumulation of osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP, and FAA) and hormones (GA and IAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs increased the accumulation of hormones (GA and IAA) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- hormones (GA and IAA)e3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“an increase in RWC, Pn, Tr, WUE, and the accumulation of osmoregulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars, TSP, and FAA) and hormones (GA and IAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs reduced the salinity-induced uptake of toxic ions (Na and Cl) in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- uptake of toxic ions (Na and Cl)e3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“Zn-NPs contrasted the salinity-induced uptake of toxic ions (Na and Cl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs increased the uptake of Ca, K and Mg in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- uptake of Ca, K, Mge3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“increased the uptake of Ca, K, Mg, N, and P”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs increased the uptake of N and P in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- N, and Pe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“increased the uptake of Ca, K, Mg, N, and P”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-NPs substantially increased grain Zn bio-fortification of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn-NPse1
- Outcome
- wheat grain Zn bio-fortificatione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“However, the application of Zn-NPs significantly improved the yield of the wheat crop”
e2“Zn-NPs treatments: control, seed priming (40 ppm), foliar spray (20 ppm), and their combination”
e3“Zn-NPs application substantially increased the wheat grain Zn bio-fortification”
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See all 9 papers →8 of 24 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.