Abstract
Green and blue molds, respectively caused by Penicillium digitatum Sacc., and P. italicum Wehmer, are the most important postharvest diseases of citrus fruit Postharvest management of these pathogens is mainly based on the application of thiabendazole (TBZ) or imazalil (IMZ) fungicides. However, their intensive and prolonged use has led to the selection of TBZ- IMZ-resistant strains of these pathogens and to a reduction of TBZ and IMZ effectiveness to control postharvest decay. However, while TBZ may become completely ineffective against TBZ-resistant strains of P. digitatum, reduction of IMZ efficacy is only partial, and an effective control of decay can still be achieved by increasing its concentration, heating the treatment-solution and/or combining IMZ with sodium bicarbonate (SBC) or other food additives or natural salts. In this study, 'Desiderio' and 'Nova' mandarins were inoculated with spores of a sensitive strain of P. digitatum to IMZ and TBZ (PDs) or with a strain of P. digitatum with double resistance to both fungicides (PDr) and immersed in IMZ or TBZ emulsions at increasing concentrations up to 1000 mg/L or in IMZ (25, 200 or 400 mg/L), SBC (0.5, 1 or 2%) or IMZ + SBC emulsions either at 20 or 40 degrees C. IMZ was superior to TBZ to control decay of 'Desiderio' mandarins incited by PDs and was also effective to control decay in fruit inoculated with PDr, while TBZ even at the highest rate was completely ineffective. In 'Desiderio' mandarins inoculated with PDs, a complete control of decay was achieved with 25 mg/L IMZ but in fruit inoculated with PDr, 25 mg/L IMZ were ineffective to control decay despite in combination with SBC at 2% a synergistic effect was detected. In contrast, a good control of decay was achieved with 400 mg/L IMZ. In 'Nova' mandarins after 1 week of incubation at 20 degrees C decay incidence in fruit dipped in 400 mg/L at 20 degrees C or 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C was almost completely inhibited, while the addition of SBC at 0.5, 1 or 2% did not improve treatments performance in fruit inoculated with PDs. However, when 'Nova' mandarins were inoculated with PDr, SBC showed a modest but significant control of decay and in combination with IMZ either at 400 mg/L and 20 degrees C or 200 mg/L and 40 degrees C, significantly improved decay control. SBC did not affect IMZ residue load in 'Valencia' oranges, whereas dipping the fruit in 400 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees C produced similar IMZ residue load as dips at 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C. In all cases, residue levels of IMZ never exceeded 2 mg/kg, which is about 40% of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed in European countries. Thus, despite the selection of IMZ-resistant strains of P. digitatum, IMZ continues to be highly effective to control green mold of citrus fruit at concentrations leaving on fruit surface residue levels below the MRLs.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ was superior to TBZ in controlling decay of Desiderio mandarins incited by the sensitive P. digitatum strain.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“IMZ was superior to TBZ to control decay of 'Desiderio' mandarins incited by PDs”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ was effective in controlling decay of fruit inoculated with the resistant P. digitatum strain.
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“IMZ was superior to TBZ to control decay of 'Desiderio' mandarins incited by PDs”
e2“was also effective to control decay in fruit inoculated with PDr”
Claim · model-written summary
TBZ even at the highest rate was completely ineffective against decay in fruit inoculated with the resistant strain.
- Treatment
- TBZ even at the highest ratee3
- Interactor
- PDre2pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye2
- Direction
- completely ineffectivee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e2“was also effective to control decay in fruit inoculated with PDr”
e3“TBZ even at the highest rate was completely ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
A complete control of decay was achieved with 25 mg/L IMZ in Desiderio mandarins inoculated with the sensitive strain.
- Taxon
- mandarinse1
- Material
- Desiderioe1
- Treatment
- 25 mg/L IMZe1
- Interactor
- PDse1pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye1
- Direction
- complete controle1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“In 'Desiderio' mandarins inoculated with PDs, a complete control of decay was achieved with 25 mg/L IMZ”
Claim · model-written summary
In fruit inoculated with the resistant strain, 25 mg/L IMZ was ineffective against decay.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“in fruit inoculated with PDr, 25 mg/L IMZ were ineffective to control decay despite in combination with SBC at 2% a synergistic effect was detected”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ combined with 2% SBC gave a synergistic effect against decay of the resistant strain.
- Treatment
- in combination with SBC at 2%e1
- Interactor
- PDre1pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye1
- Direction
- synergistic effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“in fruit inoculated with PDr, 25 mg/L IMZ were ineffective to control decay despite in combination with SBC at 2% a synergistic effect was detected”
Claim · model-written summary
A good control of decay was achieved with 400 mg/L IMZ.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“In contrast, a good control of decay was achieved with 400 mg/L IMZ”
Claim · model-written summary
Dipping in 400 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees C almost completely inhibited decay incidence in Nova mandarins.
- Taxon
- mandarinse1
- Material
- Novae1
- Treatment
- 400 mg/L at 20 degrees Ce1
- Outcome
- decay incidencee1
- Direction
- almost completely inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In 'Nova' mandarins after 1 week of incubation at 20 degrees C decay incidence in fruit dipped in 400 mg/L at 20 degrees C or 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C was almost completely inhibited”
Claim · model-written summary
Dipping in 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C almost completely inhibited decay incidence in Nova mandarins.
- Taxon
- mandarinse1
- Material
- Novae1
- Treatment
- 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees Ce1
- Outcome
- decay incidencee1
- Direction
- almost completely inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“In 'Nova' mandarins after 1 week of incubation at 20 degrees C decay incidence in fruit dipped in 400 mg/L at 20 degrees C or 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C was almost completely inhibited”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding SBC at 0.5, 1 or 2% did not improve treatment performance in fruit inoculated with the sensitive strain.
- Treatment
- the addition of SBC at 0.5, 1 or 2%e1
- Interactor
- PDse1pathogen
- Outcome
- treatments performancee1
- Direction
- did not improvee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“the addition of SBC at 0.5, 1 or 2% did not improve treatments performance in fruit inoculated with PDs”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC showed a modest but significant control of decay in Nova mandarins inoculated with the resistant strain.
- Taxon
- mandarinse1
- Material
- Novae1
- Treatment
- SBCe1
- Interactor
- PDre1pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye1
- Direction
- modest but significant controle1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“when 'Nova' mandarins were inoculated with PDr, SBC showed a modest but significant control of decay”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ at 400 mg/L and 20 degrees C combined with SBC significantly improved decay control in Nova mandarins inoculated with the resistant strain.
- Taxon
- mandarinse1
- Material
- Novae1
- Treatment
- in combination with IMZ either at 400 mg/L and 20 degrees Ce2
- Interactor
- PDre1pathogen
- Outcome
- decay controle2
- Direction
- significantly improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“when 'Nova' mandarins were inoculated with PDr, SBC showed a modest but significant control of decay”
e2“in combination with IMZ either at 400 mg/L and 20 degrees C or 200 mg/L and 40 degrees C, significantly improved decay control”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ at 200 mg/L and 40 degrees C combined with SBC significantly improved decay control in Nova mandarins inoculated with the resistant strain.
- Taxon
- mandarinse1
- Material
- Novae1
- Treatment
- 200 mg/L and 40 degrees Ce2
- Interactor
- PDre1pathogen
- Outcome
- decay controle2
- Direction
- significantly improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“when 'Nova' mandarins were inoculated with PDr, SBC showed a modest but significant control of decay”
e2“in combination with IMZ either at 400 mg/L and 20 degrees C or 200 mg/L and 40 degrees C, significantly improved decay control”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC did not affect IMZ residue load in Valencia oranges.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“SBC did not affect IMZ residue load in 'Valencia' oranges”
Claim · model-written summary
Dipping in 400 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees C produced IMZ residue load similar to dipping in 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C.
- Treatment
- 400 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees Ce1
- Outcome
- IMZ residue loade1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“dipping the fruit in 400 mg/L IMZ at 20 degrees C produced similar IMZ residue load as dips at 200 mg/L IMZ at 40 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
IMZ residue levels on citrus fruit did not exceed 2 mg/kg, about 40% of the European maximum residue limits.
- Outcome
- residue levels of IMZe1
- Value
- 2 mg/kge1
- Qualifier
- about 40% of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed in European countriese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“postharvest diseases of citrus fruit”
e1“residue levels of IMZ never exceeded 2 mg/kg, which is about 40% of the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed in European countries”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.