Abstract
Agricultural lime, natural zeolite (clinoptilolite), hydroxyapatite, and an iron oxide waste byproduct (Fe-rich, a trademark name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours) were added to an artificially contaminated Appling silt loam soil to stabilize and limit the uptake of Zn by crops. A greenhouse pot study involved spiking the soil with flue dust (FD) at 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 mg of Zn kg - 1 . As much as 40% of the total Zn occurred in an exchangeable form, the form considered most bioavailable to plants, when the pH of the FD-spiked soil was below 6.0. The ameliorants (lime, zeolite, apatite, and Fe-rich) decreased the concentration of the exchangeable form of Zn at each level of FD in soil; however, the largest decrease occurred with the lowest dose. Maize ( Zea mays ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), and radish ( Raphanus sativus ) were grown to determine the effects of Zn on the plant growth and its uptake. The addition of ameliorants to soil enhanced the growth and yield of maize and barley, but only Fe-rich enhanced the growth of radish at all FD rates. Lime, zeolite, and apatite significantly reduced the Zn concentration in tissues of the 3-week-old maize, in mature maize tissues (roots, young leaves, old leaves, stems, grain), and in barley. The largest reduction (over 80%) in Zn uptake by all crops was effected by Fe-rich, which is consistent with the greatest reduction in soil-exchangeable Zn by this ameliorant.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 40% of soil Zn was exchangeable below pH 6.0.
- Outcome
- total Zn occurred in an exchangeable forme0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Qualifier
- pH of the FD-spiked soil was below 6.0e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“As much as 40% of the total Zn occurred in an exchangeable form, the form considered most bioavailable to plants, when the pH of the FD-spiked soil was below 6.0”
Claim · model-written summary
Each ameliorant decreased exchangeable soil Zn at each FD level, with the largest decrease at the lowest dose.
- Treatment
- ameliorants (lime, zeolite, apatite, and Fe-rich)e0
- Outcome
- concentration of the exchangeable form of Zne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- largest decrease occurred with the lowest dosee0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ameliorants (lime, zeolite, apatite, and Fe-rich) decreased the concentration of the exchangeable form of Zn at each level of FD in soil; however, the largest decrease occurred with the lowest dose”
e1“Maize ( Zea mays ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), and radish ( Raphanus sativus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Ameliorants enhanced maize growth and yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of ameliorants to soil enhanced the growth and yield of maize and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Ameliorants enhanced barley growth and yield.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- addition of ameliorants to soile0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The addition of ameliorants to soil enhanced the growth and yield of maize and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Fe-rich enhanced radish growth at all FD rates.
- Taxon
- radish
Raphanus sativuse0 - Treatment
- Fe-riche0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- at all FD ratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only Fe-rich enhanced the growth of radish at all FD rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime significantly reduced Zn concentration in young maize tissues.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lime, zeolite, and apatite significantly reduced the Zn concentration in tissues of the 3-week-old maize, in mature maize tissues (roots, young leaves, old leaves, stems, grain), and in barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite significantly reduced Zn concentration in young maize tissues.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lime, zeolite, and apatite significantly reduced the Zn concentration in tissues of the 3-week-old maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Apatite significantly reduced Zn concentration in young maize tissues.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lime, zeolite, and apatite significantly reduced the Zn concentration in tissues of the 3-week-old maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime, zeolite and apatite significantly reduced Zn concentration in mature maize tissues.
- Organ / stage
- mature maize tissues (roots, young leaves, old leaves, stems, grain)e0
- Treatment
- Lime, zeolite, and apatitee0
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lime, zeolite, and apatite significantly reduced the Zn concentration in tissues of the 3-week-old maize, in mature maize tissues (roots, young leaves, old leaves, stems, grain), and in barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime, zeolite and apatite significantly reduced Zn concentration in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Lime, zeolite, and apatitee0
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lime, zeolite, and apatite significantly reduced the Zn concentration in tissues of the 3-week-old maize, in mature maize tissues (roots, young leaves, old leaves, stems, grain), and in barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-rich reduced crop Zn uptake by over 80%, the largest reduction.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The largest reduction (over 80%) in Zn uptake by all crops was effected by Fe-rich”
e1“Maize ( Zea mays ), barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), and radish ( Raphanus sativus )”
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