Abstract
Soil acidification threatens dryland crop production in the inland Pacific Northwest (IPNW). Our objective was to assess the efficacy of lime to lower soil acidity, alter Al chemistry, and increase crop yield in a direct‐seeded system. Treatments of subsurface banded fertilizer (120–168 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) alone or with subsurface banded lime (224 kg ha −1 yr −1 ), or a one‐time broadcast application of lime (7000 kg ha −1 ) or elemental S (1000 kg ha −1 ) were initiated in spring 2002. Grain yield was measured annually from 2002 to 2005 in a spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation. Soil was sampled in spring 2004 to assess pH and model Al speciation. Low pH was evident at the depth of fertilizer placement (5–10 cm). Broadcast lime increased pH in the surface 15 cm, although reductions in Al 3+ activity [(Al 3+ )] occurred only in the 0‐ to 5‐cm layer. Relative to banded N, there was no increase in pH at the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth where banded lime was placed. At the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth, lower pHs were observed with broadcast S (4.6) compared with the banded N control (5.1) or banded lime (5.0). There was no effect of treatment on yield. Modeling suggests that soluble Al is dominated by organic matter–Al complexes (fulvic acid, FA; FA 2 Al + and FA 2 AlOH 0 ). Solid‐ and solution‐phase organic complexes may control (Al 3+ ) at pH <5.5. Although acidification is a concern in the IPNW, the high organic matter content in direct‐seeded soils may buffer against Al phytotoxicity.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Low pH occurred at fertilizer placement depth.
- Taxon
- spring barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Outcome
- Low pHe0
- Setting
- depth of fertilizer placement (5–10 cm)e0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Low pH was evident at the depth of fertilizer placement (5–10 cm).”
e1“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcast lime raised pH in the upper 15 cm of soil.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Broadcast limee0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- surface 15 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Broadcast lime increased pH in the surface 15 cm”
e1“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcast lime reduced Al3+ activity only in the upper 5 cm of soil.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree2
- Treatment
- Broadcast limee1
- Outcome
- Al 3+ activitye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Setting
- 0‐ to 5‐cm layere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in Al 3+ activity [(Al 3+ )] occurred only in the 0‐ to 5‐cm layer”
e1“Broadcast lime increased pH in the surface 15 cm”
e2“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Banded lime did not increase pH at placement depth relative to banded nitrogen.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- banded limee0
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- no increasee0
- Comparator
- banded Ne0
- Setting
- 5‐ to 10‐cm depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to banded N, there was no increase in pH at the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth where banded lime was placed.”
e1“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcast sulfur produced lower pH than banded nitrogen control or banded lime in the upper 5 cm.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- broadcast Se0
- Outcome
- pHse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 4.6e0
- Qualifier
- 5.1e0
- Comparator
- banded N controle0
- Setting
- 0‐ to 5‐cm depthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth, lower pHs were observed with broadcast S (4.6) compared with the banded N control (5.1) or banded lime (5.0).”
e1“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment did not affect grain yield in the barley and wheat rotation.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no effect of treatment on yield.”
e1“Grain yield was measured annually from 2002 to 2005 in a spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeling suggested soluble aluminum was dominated by organic matter aluminum complexes.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Compound
- organic matter–Al complexese0
- Outcome
- soluble Ale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Modeling suggests that soluble Al is dominated by organic matter–Al complexes (fulvic acid, FA; FA 2 Al + and FA 2 AlOH 0 ).”
e1“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Solid and solution organic complexes may control Al3+ activity below pH 5.5.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Compound
- organic complexese0
- Outcome
- (Al 3+ )e0
- Qualifier
- at pH <5.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Solid‐ and solution‐phase organic complexes may control (Al 3+ ) at pH <5.5.”
e1“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
High organic matter in direct-seeded soil may buffer crops against aluminum phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- spring barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Compound
- organic mattere0
- Outcome
- Al phytotoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- direct‐seeded soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high organic matter content in direct‐seeded soils may buffer against Al phytotoxicity”
e1“spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation”
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.