Abstract
The effects of the fungicides azoxystrobin (a strobilurin) and epoxiconazole (a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor) on phyllosphere fungi, senescence and yield were studied in winter wheat in field trials free of visible disease and under controlled environmental conditions. In two field trials, treatments with each of the two fungicides prolonged green leaf area retention and increased yield compared with untreated control plots. Azoxystrobin maintained green leaf area for longer than epoxiconazole and, in one trial, treatments with azoxystrobin gave a greater yield response than epoxiconazole. Mycelial growth on leaf surfaces, mainly originating from saprophytic fungi, was reduced by each of the fungicides. Papilla formation and hypersensitive reactions, almost exclusively against infection attempts by Mycosphaerella spp. (most probably M. graminicola ), occurred with high frequency in the leaves. These defence reactions presumably incurred a significant energy cost, accelerating plant senescence. Fewer defence reactions were recorded in azoxystrobin‐treated leaves than in epoxiconazole‐treated and untreated leaves. Inoculation in a glasshouse experiment with the saprophytic fungi Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium macrocarpum accelerated wheat senescence. Control of the saprophytes by azoxystrobin or epoxiconazole treatments caused a delay in the accelerated senescence, but without significant increase in above‐ground biomass and yield. Neither fungicide influenced senescence, above‐ground biomass or yield in noninoculated wheat plants. In growth chamber experiments azoxystrobin inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata and C. macrocarpum . Epoxiconazole had little inhibitory effect on spore germination, but strongly inhibited mycelial growth of both saprophytes. Both fungicides reduced A. alternata ‐induced papilla formation in wheat leaves, with epoxiconazole being more effective. Inoculation with either of the two saprophytes did not significantly increase wheat leaf respiration, in contrast to inoculation with the nonhost pathogen Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei . Treatment with azoxystrobin did not affect this latter increase in respiration whereas it was reduced by epoxiconazole treatment. It is proposed that the greater inhibition of infection attempts from Mycosphaerella spp. by azoxystrobin, compared with epoxiconazole, may account for the greater yield given by azoxystrobin in field plots.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin prolonged green leaf area retention and increased winter wheat yield against untreated plots.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- azoxystrobine1
- Outcome
- green leaf area retention and increased yielde0
- Direction
- prolongede0
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with each of the two fungicides prolonged green leaf area retention and increased yield compared with untreated control plots”
e1“azoxystrobin (a strobilurin) and epoxiconazole”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Epoxiconazole prolonged green leaf area retention and increased winter wheat yield against untreated plots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- epoxiconazolee1
- Outcome
- green leaf area retention and increased yielde0
- Direction
- prolongede0
- Comparator
- untreated control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with each of the two fungicides prolonged green leaf area retention and increased yield compared with untreated control plots”
e1“epoxiconazole (a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin maintained green leaf area longer than epoxiconazole.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- green leaf areae0
- Direction
- longere0
- Comparator
- epoxiconazolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Azoxystrobin maintained green leaf area for longer than epoxiconazole”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In one trial, azoxystrobin produced a greater yield response than epoxiconazole.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- yield responsee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- in one triale0
- Comparator
- epoxiconazolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in one trial, treatments with azoxystrobin gave a greater yield response than epoxiconazole”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin reduced mostly saprophytic mycelial growth on wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine1
- Interactor
- saprophytic fungie0other
- Outcome
- Mycelial growth on leaf surfacese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycelial growth on leaf surfaces, mainly originating from saprophytic fungi, was reduced by each of the fungicides.”
e1“azoxystrobin (a strobilurin)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Epoxiconazole reduced mostly saprophytic mycelial growth on wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- epoxiconazolee1
- Interactor
- saprophytic fungie0other
- Outcome
- Mycelial growth on leaf surfacese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycelial growth on leaf surfaces, mainly originating from saprophytic fungi, was reduced by each of the fungicides.”
e1“epoxiconazole (a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Papilla formation and hypersensitive reactions to probable Mycosphaerella graminicola infection were frequent in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- Mycosphaerella spp.
Mycosphaerellae0pathogen - Outcome
- Papilla formation and hypersensitive reactionse0
- Direction
- high frequencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Papilla formation and hypersensitive reactions, almost exclusively against infection attempts by Mycosphaerella spp. (most probably M. graminicola ), occurred with high frequency in the leaves.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that wheat defence reactions cost energy and accelerated senescence.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- plant senescencee0
- Direction
- acceleratinge0
- Qualifier
- significant energy coste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These defence reactions presumably incurred a significant energy cost, accelerating plant senescence.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin treated wheat leaves had fewer defence reactions than epoxiconazole treated and untreated leaves.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobin‐treatede0
- Outcome
- defence reactionse0
- Direction
- Fewere0
- Comparator
- epoxiconazole‐treated and untreated leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fewer defence reactions were recorded in azoxystrobin‐treated leaves than in epoxiconazole‐treated and untreated leaves.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria alternata inoculation accelerated wheat senescence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0other - Outcome
- wheat senescencee0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation in a glasshouse experiment with the saprophytic fungi Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium macrocarpum accelerated wheat senescence.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cladosporium macrocarpum inoculation accelerated wheat senescence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Cladosporium macrocarpumCladosporium macrocarpume0other
- Outcome
- wheat senescencee0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation in a glasshouse experiment with the saprophytic fungi Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium macrocarpum accelerated wheat senescence.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide control of saprophytes delayed accelerated senescence without significant biomass or yield gain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobin or epoxiconazole treatmentse0
- Interactor
- saprophytese0other
- Outcome
- accelerated senescencee0
- Direction
- delaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of the saprophytes by azoxystrobin or epoxiconazole treatments caused a delay in the accelerated senescence, but without significant increase in above‐ground biomass and yield.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Neither fungicide influenced senescence, biomass or yield in noninoculated wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicidee0
- Outcome
- senescence, above‐ground biomass or yielde0
- Direction
- Neithere0
- Comparator
- noninoculated wheat plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither fungicide influenced senescence, above‐ground biomass or yield in noninoculated wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin inhibited Alternaria and Cladosporium spore germination and mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0other
- Second interactor
- C. macrocarpumCladosporium macrocarpume0other
- Outcome
- spore germination and mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“azoxystrobin inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata and C. macrocarpum”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Epoxiconazole had little effect on saprophyte spore germination but strongly inhibited mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Epoxiconazolee0
- Outcome
- spore germinatione0
- Direction
- little inhibitory effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Epoxiconazole had little inhibitory effect on spore germination, but strongly inhibited mycelial growth of both saprophytes.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Both fungicides reduced Alternaria induced papilla formation, with epoxiconazole more effective.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0other
- Outcome
- papilla formatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both fungicides reduced A. alternata ‐induced papilla formation in wheat leaves, with epoxiconazole being more effective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Saprophyte inoculation did not significantly raise wheat leaf respiration, unlike nonhost Erysiphe inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with either of the two saprophytese0
- Interactor
- saprophytese0other
- Outcome
- wheat leaf respiratione0
- Direction
- did not significantly increasee0
- Comparator
- inoculation with the nonhost pathogen Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordeie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with either of the two saprophytes did not significantly increase wheat leaf respiration, in contrast to inoculation with the nonhost pathogen Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei .”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin did not affect Erysiphe induced wheat respiration increase.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordeiBlumeria hordeie1pathogen
- Outcome
- increase in respiratione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with azoxystrobin did not affect this latter increase in respiration”
e1“nonhost pathogen Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Epoxiconazole reduced Erysiphe induced wheat respiration increase.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- epoxiconazole treatmente0
- Interactor
- Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordeiBlumeria hordeie1pathogen
- Outcome
- increase in respiratione2
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was reduced by epoxiconazole treatment”
e1“nonhost pathogen Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei”
e2“increase in respiration”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose stronger inhibition of Mycosphaerella infection attempts explains greater yield with azoxystrobin.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- Mycosphaerella spp.Mycosphaerellae0pathogen
- Outcome
- greater yielde0
- Qualifier
- may accounte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greater inhibition of infection attempts from Mycosphaerella spp. by azoxystrobin, compared with epoxiconazole, may account for the greater yield given by azoxystrobin in field plots”
t0“winter wheat”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.