Abstract
Fungicides are generally used for increasing the yield of the crop but they can induce harmful changes in seed germination and also seedling growth. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin as fungicides on the germination of monocotyledonous seed (wheat; Triticum aestivum L.), and dicotyledonous seeds (radish; Raphanus sativus), then effect on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling growth. Seeds of wheat and radish and seedling of tomato were treated with different concentrations of the tested fungicides; recommended, half and the double recommended dose compared with the untreated control. The results showed that the two tested fungicides significantly decreased seed germination%, root and shoot length of both wheat and radish seeds at the different applied doses compared to the control. The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively. In the case of tomato seedlings; carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were significantly decreased after three weeks from both fungicides application by the double recommended doses, which recorded 0.04, 2.25, 0.15, 2.40 mg/g fresh weight for difenoconazole or 0.06, 1.66, 0.39, 2.05 mg/g fresh weight for azoxystrobin, respectively. Because Difenoconazole is less hazardous than Azoxystrobin, it might be advised that wheat and radish seeds be treated with it before sowing. Three weeks after being exposed to the fungicides, tomato plants treated with Azoxystrobin displayed a decrease in the a/b ratio at the indicated dose.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
wheat seed germination% declined with both fungicides at applied doses.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- two tested fungicidese0
- Outcome
- seed germination%e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the two tested fungicides significantly decreased seed germination%, root and shoot length of both wheat and radish seeds at the different applied doses compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat root declined with both fungicides at applied doses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- two tested fungicidese0
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the two tested fungicides significantly decreased seed germination%, root and shoot length of both wheat and radish seeds at the different applied doses compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat shoot length declined with both fungicides at applied doses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- two tested fungicidese0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the two tested fungicides significantly decreased seed germination%, root and shoot length of both wheat and radish seeds at the different applied doses compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish seed germination% declined with both fungicides at applied doses.
- Taxon
- radish
Raphanus sativuse0 - Treatment
- two tested fungicidese0
- Outcome
- seed germination%e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the two tested fungicides significantly decreased seed germination%, root and shoot length of both wheat and radish seeds at the different applied doses compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish root declined with both fungicides at applied doses.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- two tested fungicidese0
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the two tested fungicides significantly decreased seed germination%, root and shoot length of both wheat and radish seeds at the different applied doses compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish shoot length declined with both fungicides at applied doses.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- two tested fungicidese0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that the two tested fungicides significantly decreased seed germination%, root and shoot length of both wheat and radish seeds at the different applied doses compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat relative root was reduced under Difenoconazole at double recommended dose (23.20).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- relative roote0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 23.20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat shoot length% was reduced under Difenoconazole at double recommended dose (27.88).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- shoot length%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 27.88e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat relative germination% was reduced under Difenoconazole at double recommended dose (43%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- relative germination%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat relative root was reduced under Azoxystrobin at double recommended dose (13.20).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- relative roote0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 13.20e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat shoot length% was reduced under Azoxystrobin at double recommended dose (26.02).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- shoot length%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 26.02e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
wheat relative germination% was reduced under Azoxystrobin at double recommended dose (30.10%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- relative germination%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 30.10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish relative root was reduced under Difenoconazole at double recommended dose (22.30).
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- relative roote0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 22.30e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish shoot length% was reduced under Difenoconazole at double recommended dose (37.69).
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- shoot length%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 37.69e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish relative germination% was reduced under Difenoconazole at double recommended dose (63.0%).
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- relative germination%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 63.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish relative root was reduced under Azoxystrobin at double recommended dose (17.67).
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- relative roote0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 17.67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish shoot length% was reduced under Azoxystrobin at double recommended dose (51.67).
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- shoot length%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 51.67e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
radish relative germination% was reduced under Azoxystrobin at double recommended dose (40.70%).
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Azoxystrobine0
- Outcome
- relative germination%e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 40.70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant reduction in relative root and shoot length% and the relative germination% of wheat and radish seeds were observed when exposed to Difenoconazole or Azoxystrobin in which double recommended doses being 23.20, 27.88, and 43% or 13.20, 26.02, and 30.10% in wheat seeds, however, the reduction were 22.30, 37.69, and 63.0% or 17.67, 51.67, and 40.70% in radish seeds, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
carotene decreased after difenoconazole at double recommended dose.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlings
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- carotenee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.04e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of tomato seedlings; carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were significantly decreased after three weeks from both fungicides application by the double recommended doses, which recorded 0.04, 2.25, 0.15, 2.40 mg/g fresh weight for difenoconazole or 0.06, 1.66, 0.39, 2.05 mg/g fresh weight for azoxystrobin, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll a decreased after difenoconazole at double recommended dose.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2.25e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of tomato seedlings; carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were significantly decreased after three weeks from both fungicides application by the double recommended doses, which recorded 0.04, 2.25, 0.15, 2.40 mg/g fresh weight for difenoconazole or 0.06, 1.66, 0.39, 2.05 mg/g fresh weight for azoxystrobin, respectively.”
The same questions in other papers
azoxystrobin · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
difenoconazole · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
difenoconazole · physiology: pigments · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
fungicide · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 42 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
49 papers more in this group
See all 53 papers →fungicide · growth · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.