Abstract
Apple quality was investigated in the scab-resistant 'Liberty', 'Santana', and 'Topaz' cultivars and the scab-susceptible 'Golden Delicious' cultivar. Trees subjected to the same crop load were cultivated using either an organic (ORG) or an integrated production (IP) system. Physicochemical properties, phenolic content, and sensorial quality of fruit from both systems were compared. There were no significant differences in fruit mass, starch, and total soluble solid content (the latter was higher in ORG 'Liberty') between ORG and IP fruit, whereas significantly higher flesh firmness was found in ORG fruit (except no difference in 'Golden Delicious'). Significantly higher total phenolic content in ORG fruit was found in 'Golden Delicious', whereas differences in other cultivars were not significant. Targeted metabolomic profiling of multiple classes of phenolics confirmed the impact of the production system on the 'Golden Delicious' phenolic profile as higher levels of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, neo- and chlorogenic acids, phloridzin, procyanidin B2+B4, -3-O-glucoside and -3-O-galactoside of quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and rutin being found in ORG fruit. The results obtained suggested that scab resistance influenced the phenolic biosynthesis in relation to the agricultural system. Sensorial evaluation indicated significantly better flavor (except for 'Topaz') and better appearance of IP fruit.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit mass, starch and total soluble solids generally did not differ significantly between systems.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- fruit mass, starch, and total soluble solid contente0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- IPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant differences in fruit mass, starch, and total soluble solid content (the latter was higher in ORG 'Liberty') between ORG and IP fruit”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic Liberty fruit had higher total soluble solids.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- 'Liberty'e0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latter was higher in ORG 'Liberty'”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fruit had significantly higher flesh firmness, except Golden Delicious.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except no difference in 'Golden Delicious'e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly higher flesh firmness was found in ORG fruit (except no difference in 'Golden Delicious').”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Golden Delicious flesh firmness did not differ between systems.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- 'Golden Delicious'e0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse1
- Direction
- no differencee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except no difference in 'Golden Delicious'”
t0“Apples”
e1“significantly higher flesh firmness was found in ORG fruit (except no difference in 'Golden Delicious').”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic Golden Delicious fruit had significantly higher total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- 'Golden Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher total phenolic content in ORG fruit was found in 'Golden Delicious'”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Other cultivars showed no significant difference in total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente1
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“differences in other cultivars were not significant.”
t0“Apples”
e1“Significantly higher total phenolic content in ORG fruit was found in 'Golden Delicious'”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic Golden Delicious fruit had higher levels of multiple phenolics.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Golden Delicious’e1
- Treatment
- ORGe0
- Outcome
- 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, neo- and chlorogenic acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher levels of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, neo- and chlorogenic acids, phloridzin, procyanidin B2+B4, -3-O-glucoside and -3-O-galactoside of quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and rutin being found in ORG fruit.”
t0“Apples”
e1“‘Golden Delicious’”
Claim · model-written summary
Scab resistance was suggested to influence phenolic biosynthesis in relation to production system.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- phenolic biosynthesise0
- Qualifier
- scab resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“scab resistance influenced the phenolic biosynthesis in relation to the agricultural system.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated production fruit had significantly better flavor except Topaz.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- IPe0
- Outcome
- flavore0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- except for 'Topaz'e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly better flavor (except for 'Topaz') and better appearance of IP fruit.”
t0“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated production fruit had better appearance.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- IPe0
- Outcome
- appearancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“better appearance of IP fruit.”
t0“Apples”
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