Abstract
Two different pest control programs were applied on 8-year-old ‘Ryoka’/M.26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). Lime sulfur or Bordeaux mixture with emulsified oil were applied 12 times from late March to mid-September as organic treatment, and synthetic chemicals were 7 times applied as control treatment. Over the entire apple-growing season, photosynthesis rates of apple trees were significantly lower in the organic treatment than in the control, and this photosynthetic differences were larger in July and August. Photosynthesis-related parameters such as stomatal conductance and transpiration behaved similarly to photosynthesis. The leaf area in the organic treatment was significantly smaller (24.7 cm2) than that in the control treatment (30.7 cm2). Organic leaves contained significantly less Chl. a (15.5 mg·g-1) than did control leaves (17.6 mg·g-1). Fruit yield per tree was significantly lower in the organic treatment (18.8 kg) than in the control (24.5 kg), because organic fruits experienced a higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata ) than did control fruits. Organic fruits had high flesh firmness but less color development (lower Hunter’s a values). In this experiment, the pest control program with frequent applications of organic fungicides showed negative effects on photosynthesis and disease infection on leaves and fruits, and thus reduce the fruit quality and yield in ‘Ryoka’/M.26 apple trees.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Organic pest control lowered apple photosynthesis rates compared with control, with larger differences in July and August.
- Taxon
- Apple Trees
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- organic treatmente0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis ratese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- larger in July and Auguste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over the entire apple-growing season, photosynthesis rates of apple trees were significantly lower in the organic treatment than in the control, and this photosynthetic differences were larger in July and August.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance and transpiration followed the same lower pattern as photosynthesis under organic control.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- organic treatmente1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and transpiratione0
- Direction
- similarlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthesis-related parameters such as stomatal conductance and transpiration behaved similarly to photosynthesis.”
e1“Over the entire apple-growing season, photosynthesis rates of apple trees were significantly lower in the organic treatment than in the control, and this photosynthetic differences were larger in July and August.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatment reduced apple leaf area from 30.7 to 24.7 cm2.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- organic treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 24.7 cm2e0
- Qualifier
- 30.7 cm2e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The leaf area in the organic treatment was significantly smaller (24.7 cm2) than that in the control treatment (30.7 cm2).”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic leaves contained less chlorophyll a than control leaves.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Organice0
- Outcome
- Chl. ae0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 15.5 mg·g-1e0
- Qualifier
- 17.6 mg·g-1e0
- Comparator
- control leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic leaves contained significantly less Chl. a (15.5 mg·g-1) than did control leaves (17.6 mg·g-1).”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic treatment lowered fruit yield per tree to 18.8 kg versus 24.5 kg under control.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- organic treatmente0
- Outcome
- Fruit yield per treee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 18.8 kge0
- Qualifier
- 24.5 kge0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit yield per tree was significantly lower in the organic treatment (18.8 kg) than in the control (24.5 kg), because organic fruits experienced a higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata ) than did control fruits.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fruit had more white rot infection than control fruit.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- organic treatmente0
- Interactor
- Botryosphaeria dothidaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- higher rate of disease infection such as white rote0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit yield per tree was significantly lower in the organic treatment (18.8 kg) than in the control (24.5 kg), because organic fruits experienced a higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata ) than did control fruits.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fruit had more bitter rot infection than control fruit.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- organic treatmente0
- Interactor
- Glomerella cingulata
Colletotrichum gloeosporioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rote0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit yield per tree was significantly lower in the organic treatment (18.8 kg) than in the control (24.5 kg), because organic fruits experienced a higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata ) than did control fruits.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fruit had higher flesh firmness.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Organice0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic fruits had high flesh firmness but less color development (lower Hunter’s a values).”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fruit showed lower color development.
- Taxon
- Apple TreesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Organice0
- Outcome
- color developmente0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- lower Hunter’s a valuese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic fruits had high flesh firmness but less color development (lower Hunter’s a values).”
t0“Apple Trees”
The same questions in other papers
cultivation system · quality: postharvest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.