Abstract
Alternative groundcover management systems (GMS) beneath establishing 'Jonagold' apple trees have been evaluated since 1986 in an orchard field test Tree-row GMS being studied include post-emergence herbicide (glyphosate) “killed sods”, pre-emergence herbicides (norflurazon and diuron). a crownvetch “living mulch”, hay-straw mulch, monthly cultivation, and a closely mowed sodgrass. Trees in herbicide and straw-mulch plots produced the most fruit in 1990, but in 1991 there were no GMS-related differences in crop load. Fruit were larger in herbicide and straw-mulch plots in 1990 and 1991, and red color development was better in sod and crownvetch GMS. Starch-to-sugar conversion was advanced in apples from sodgrass and straw mulched plots. The ethylene climacteric was delayed in fruit from crownvetch and straw-mulch GMS, and peaked rapidly as mean starch indices approached 4.0 in all GMS treatments. Differences in soil moisture and nutrient availability under alternative GMS may have influenced fruit quality and maturity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide and straw mulch plots produced the most apple fruit in 1990.
- Taxon
- APPLE
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- herbicide and straw-mulche0
- Outcome
- fruite0
- Direction
- moste0
- Qualifier
- 1990e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trees in herbicide and straw-mulch plots produced the most fruit in 1990”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundcover systems had no crop load differences in 1991.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- crop loade0
- Direction
- no GMS-related differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 1991 there were no GMS-related differences in crop load”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide and straw mulch plots had larger fruit in 1990 and 1991.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- herbicide and straw-mulche0
- Outcome
- Fruite0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- 1990 and 1991e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit were larger in herbicide and straw-mulch plots in 1990 and 1991”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Red color developed better under sod and crownvetch groundcovers.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- sod and crownvetch GMSe0
- Outcome
- red color developmente0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red color development was better in sod and crownvetch GMS”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch-to-sugar conversion advanced under sodgrass and straw mulch.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- sodgrass and straw mulched plotse0
- Outcome
- Starch-to-sugar conversione0
- Direction
- advancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starch-to-sugar conversion was advanced in apples from sodgrass and straw mulched plots”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethylene climacteric was delayed under crownvetch and straw mulch.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- crownvetch and straw-mulch GMSe0
- Outcome
- ethylene climacterice0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethylene climacteric was delayed in fruit from crownvetch and straw-mulch GMS”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethylene climacteric peaked rapidly as mean starch indices approached 4.0 across all systems.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- all GMS treatmentse0
- Outcome
- peaked rapidlye0
- Direction
- peaked rapidlye0
- Qualifier
- mean starch indices approached 4.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“peaked rapidly as mean starch indices approached 4.0 in all GMS treatments”
t0“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture and nutrient availability may have influenced apple fruit quality and maturity.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- fruit quality and maturitye0
- Qualifier
- Differences in soil moisture and nutrient availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in soil moisture and nutrient availability under alternative GMS may have influenced fruit quality and maturity”
t0“APPLE”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.