Abstract
BACKGROUND: Phenolics in fruit may be influenced by the fruit type, cultivation conditions of a plant, climatic conditions, growing season, storage conditions, and industrial processing. The aim of this study was to compare single phenolic compounds, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of four varieties of apple grown under organic and integrated conditions over a 2-year period. RESULTS: Several different phenolic compounds belonging to the groups of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, flavonols and anthocyanins were quantified. The levels of all analysed groups of phenolics were higher (not always significantly) in the organically grown apple leaves and fruit than in the leaves or apples from integrated production. Leaves from organic trees had 10-20% higher content levels of total phenols than the leaves from trees in the integrated growing system. In both years, organic production affected the increase in the antioxidant activity of apple peel. Organic apples have higher total phenolic content than the integrated grown ones. CONCLUSION: Cultivation type had an important influence on the polyphenolic level and antioxidant capacity of the apple fruits and leaves. Apples from organic production showed a higher content of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, quercetins and total phenolics than apples from integrated cultivation.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Levels of all analysed phenolic groups were higher, not always significantly, in organically grown apple leaves and fruit than in those from integrated production.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- organically growne0
- Outcome
- levels of all analysed groups of phenolicse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- not always significantlye0
- Comparator
- integrated productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of all analysed groups of phenolics were higher (not always significantly) in the organically grown apple leaves and fruit than in the leaves or apples from integrated production”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves from organic apple trees had 10-20% higher total phenol content than leaves from trees in the integrated system.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- Leavese0
- Treatment
- organic treese0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10-20%e0
- Comparator
- integrated growing systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple”
e0“Leaves from organic trees had 10-20% higher content levels of total phenols than the leaves from trees in the integrated growing system”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic production increased the antioxidant activity of apple peel in both years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- peele0
- Treatment
- organic productione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- In both yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both years, organic production affected the increase in the antioxidant activity of apple peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic apples have higher total phenolic content than integrated grown apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Organice0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- integrated growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic apples have higher total phenolic content than the integrated grown ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Apples from organic production had higher content of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols and dihydrochalcones than apples from integrated cultivation.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- organic productione0
- Outcome
- hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, dihydrochalconese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- integrated cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apples from organic production showed a higher content of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, quercetins and total phenolics than apples from integrated cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Apples from organic production had higher quercetin content than apples from integrated cultivation.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- organic productione0
- Outcome
- quercetinse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- integrated cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apples from organic production showed a higher content of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, quercetins and total phenolics than apples from integrated cultivation”
The same questions in other papers
cultivation system · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →cultivation system · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.