Abstract
Abstract The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season. A large scale field experiment featuring 25 ha plots and aerial ULV application was arranged to test the performance against the early pests Heliothis armigera Hübner and Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor, whereas the late season pests Earias insulana Boisduval and T. atlanticus were tested in 5000 m 2 plots with ground application equipment. Against the early pests chlordimeform with its ovicidal and behavior changing effects provided control for 3 weeks. Typical larvicides like endosulfan also provided consistently good bollworm control but were not quite as efficient against the mites. A Bacillus thuringiensis preparation was weak to start but improved its performance against bollworms in the course of the experiment. In the late season E. insulana was effectively controlled by chlordimeform and chlordimeform plus Bac. thuringiensis . The larvicides endsulfan, monocrotophos, and chlorpyrifos were only of intermediate efficacy, and mites could only be kept in check by the two treatments containing chlordimeform. Three species of insect predators were least affected by chlordimeform, even though their total numbers were reduced as detected in all posttreatment counts, but the reduction was compensated for by increasing predator populations. Conventional larvicides, especially TorbidanR and mephosfolan, reduced the predator populations by 93 and 98 % respectively. Zusammenfassung Über früh und spät in der Baumwollsaison auftretende Schädlingskomplexe, ihre Bekämpfung mit Insektiziden und deren Nebenwirkungen auf die Prädatorenfauna Die Wirkung moderner Insektizide auf einen Schädlings‐ und Schädlings‐Nützlingskomplex der irakischen Baumwollkultur wurde früh und spät in der Baumwollsaison getestet. Ein großflächiger Feldversuch mit 25 ha Parzellen wurde angelegt, um ihre Wirkung an den eingangs der Saison auftretenden Schädlingen Heliothis armigera Hübner und Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor nach ULV‐Applikation aus der Luft zu überprüfen. Die gegen Ende der Saison auftretende Schädlingskombination Earias insulana Boisduval und T. atlanticus wurde in 5000 m 2 Parzellen, nach konventioneller Behandlung vom Boden aus, geprüft. Gegen die Schädlinge der frühen Saison erzielte Chlordimeform mit seiner oviziden und das Verhalten ändernden Wirkung die besten Bekämpfungseffekte. Typische Larvizide, wie Endsulfan, zeigten ebenfalls regelmäßig guten Bekämpfungserfolg gegen H. armigera , waren aber weniger wirksam gegen Milben. Nach schwachem Start verbesserte sich die Wirkung eines Bac. thuringiensis ‐Präparates gegen H. armigera im Verlaufe des Experimentes. Als Schädling der fortgeschrittenen Saison wurde E. insulana von Chlordimeform und Chlordimeform plus Bac. thuringiensis wirksam bekämpft. Die Larvizide Endsulfan, Monocrotophos und Chlorpyrifos zeigten nur mittlere Wirkung. Milben konnten nur durch die beiden Chlordimeform enthaltenden Behandlungen unter Kontrolle gebracht werden. Drei Spezies von Insektenprädatoren zeigten sich von der Chlordimeform‐Behandlung vergleichsweise wenig beeinflußt, obgleich ihre Zahl vermindert war, wie es bei allen Auszählungen nach der Behandlung festzustellen war. Die Reduktion wurde jedoch durch den ansteigenden Trend in den Nützlings‐populationen wettgemacht. Dagegen reduzierten sie die konventionellen Larvizide, wie Torbidan R und Mephosfolan, um 93 bzw. 98%.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Chlordimeform provided control of early-season pests in cotton for 3 weeks.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- chlordimeforme2
- Outcome
- controle2
- Qualifier
- for 3 weekse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e2“Against the early pests chlordimeform with its ovicidal and behavior changing effects provided control for 3 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan gave consistently good control of bollworms in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- endosulfane3
- Interactor
- bollworm
.jpg?width=60)
Helicoverpa zeae3pest - Outcome
- bollworm controle3
- Qualifier
- consistently goode3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e3“Typical larvicides like endosulfan also provided consistently good bollworm control but were not quite as efficient against the mites”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan was not quite as efficient against mites in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- endosulfane3
- Interactor
- mitese3pest
- Outcome
- against the mitese3
- Direction
- not quite as efficiente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e3“Typical larvicides like endosulfan also provided consistently good bollworm control but were not quite as efficient against the mites”
Claim · model-written summary
A Bacillus thuringiensis preparation improved its performance against bollworms in cotton over the course of the experiment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Bacillus thuringiensis preparatione4
- Interactor
- bollwormsHelicoverpa zeae4pest
- Second interactor
- Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensise4biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- performance against bollwormse4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Qualifier
- weak to starte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e4“A Bacillus thuringiensis preparation was weak to start but improved its performance against bollworms in the course of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
In late season, chlordimeform and chlordimeform plus Bacillus thuringiensis effectively controlled Earias insulana in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- chlordimeform and chlordimeform plus Bac. thuringiensise5
- Interactor
- E. insulana
.jpg?width=60)
Earias insulanae5pest - Second interactor
- Bac. thuringiensise5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- controllede5
- Qualifier
- effectivelye5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e5“In the late season E. insulana was effectively controlled by chlordimeform and chlordimeform plus Bac. thuringiensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Endosulfan, monocrotophos and chlorpyrifos were only of intermediate efficacy in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- endsulfan, monocrotophos, and chlorpyrifose6
- Outcome
- efficacye6
- Qualifier
- only of intermediatee6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e6“The larvicides endsulfan, monocrotophos, and chlorpyrifos were only of intermediate efficacy”
Claim · model-written summary
Mites were kept in check only by the two chlordimeform-containing treatments in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- the two treatments containing chlordimeforme7
- Interactor
- Tetranychus atlanticusTetranychus turkestanie1pest
- Outcome
- kept in checke7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e1“A large scale field experiment featuring 25 ha plots and aerial ULV application was arranged to test the performance against the early pests Heliothis armigera Hübner and Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor”
e7“mites could only be kept in check by the two treatments containing chlordimeform”
Claim · model-written summary
Three insect predator species were least affected by chlordimeform in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- chlordimeforme1
- Interactor
- insect predatorse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- insect predatorse1
- Direction
- least affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e1“Three species of insect predators were least affected by chlordimeform”
Claim · model-written summary
Total numbers of insect predators were reduced in all posttreatment counts after chlordimeform treatment in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- chlordimeforme1
- Interactor
- insect predatorse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- total numberse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Qualifier
- in all posttreatment countse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e1“Three species of insect predators were least affected by chlordimeform”
e2“even though their total numbers were reduced as detected in all posttreatment counts”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in predator numbers was compensated by increasing predator populations.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- chlordimeforme1
- Interactor
- insect predatorse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- predator populationse2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Qualifier
- the reduction was compensated fore2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e1“Three species of insect predators were least affected by chlordimeform”
e2“the reduction was compensated for by increasing predator populations”
Claim · model-written summary
Torbidan R reduced predator populations by 93% in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- TorbidanRe1
- Interactor
- predator populationse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- predator populationse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 93e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e1“Conventional larvicides, especially TorbidanR and mephosfolan, reduced the predator populations by 93 and 98 % respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mephosfolan reduced predator populations by 98% in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- mephosfolane1
- Interactor
- predator populationse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- predator populationse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 98 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of modern insecticides was tested on a pest‐predator complex occuring in Iraqi cotton in early and late season”
e1“Conventional larvicides, especially TorbidanR and mephosfolan, reduced the predator populations by 93 and 98 % respectively”
The same questions in other papers
chlorpyrifos · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
monocrotophos · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Bacillus thuringiensis · Helicoverpa zea · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →endosulfan · pest · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →chlordimeform · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
endosulfan · Helicoverpa zea · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.