Abstract
Field studies were conducted for three years (1991–93) to determine the effectiveness of ‘Dipel 8L’ (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) var. kurstaki serotype 3ab) against bollworm complex of american cotton (cv. LH 886). Earias species, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders constituted bollworm complex at Ludhiana during 1991–93 and Mukatsar in 1993 where these trials were conducted. Bt alone and as alternate sprays as well as tank mixture with some insecticides was evaluated and compared with fixed spray schedule of recommended insecticides and untreated control. Bt (750 ml/ha) in alternation with endosulfan (2.5 I/ha) or its tank mixture with fenvalerate (250 ml/ha)lendosulfan (2.5 I/ha)/quinalphos (2 I/ha) was effective and comparable with recommended spray schedule of insecticides in respect of bollworm damage and seed cotton yield. The increase in seed cotton yield with alternate sprays of Bt and endosulfan was 52.1 per cent. Bt alme did not prove better than recommended insecticidal treatment for bollworm control in cotton. The number of sprays of synthetic organic insecticides were reduced from six to three when given in alternation with Bt sprays. Thus, the use of Bt (‘Dipel 8L’) in alternation with endosulfan or as tank mixture with fenvalerate/endosulfan/quinalphos is suggested for effective management of bollworms in cotton.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating Bt with endosulfan controlled bollworm damage comparably to recommended insecticide sprays.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- Bt (750 ml/ha) in alternation with endosulfan (2.5 I/ha)e0
- Interactor
- bollworm
.jpg?width=60)
Helicoverpa zeae0pest - Outcome
- bollworm damagee0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- recommended spray schedule of insecticidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Bt (750 ml/ha) in alternation with endosulfan (2.5 I/ha) or its tank mixture with fenvalerate (250 ml/ha)lendosulfan (2.5 I/ha)/quinalphos (2 I/ha) was effective and comparable with recommended spray schedule of insecticides in respect of bollworm damage and seed cotton yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bt tank mixtures with insecticides controlled bollworm damage comparably to recommended sprays.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- tank mixture with fenvalerate (250 ml/ha)lendosulfan (2.5 I/ha)/quinalphos (2 I/ha)e0
- Interactor
- bollwormHelicoverpa zeae0pest
- Outcome
- bollworm damagee0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- recommended spray schedule of insecticidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bt (750 ml/ha) in alternation with endosulfan (2.5 I/ha) or its tank mixture with fenvalerate (250 ml/ha)lendosulfan (2.5 I/ha)/quinalphos (2 I/ha) was effective and comparable with recommended spray schedule of insecticides in respect of bollworm damage and seed cotton yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating Bt and endosulfan increased seed cotton yield by 52.1 per cent.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- alternate sprays of Bt and endosulfane0
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 52.1 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in seed cotton yield with alternate sprays of Bt and endosulfan was 52.1 per cent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bt alone was no better than recommended insecticides for cotton bollworm control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Bt almee0
- Interactor
- bollwormHelicoverpa zeae0pest
- Outcome
- bollworm controle0
- Direction
- did not prove bettere0
- Comparator
- recommended insecticidal treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bt alme did not prove better than recommended insecticidal treatment for bollworm control in cotton.”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternating Bt sprays reduced synthetic insecticide sprays from six to three.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- alternation with Bt sprayse0
- Outcome
- number of sprays of synthetic organic insecticidese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- six to threee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of sprays of synthetic organic insecticides were reduced from six to three when given in alternation with Bt sprays.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest alternating Bt with endosulfan for bollworm management.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- bollwormsHelicoverpa zeae0pest
- Outcome
- Bt (‘Dipel 8L’) in alternation with endosulfane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of Bt (‘Dipel 8L’) in alternation with endosulfan or as tank mixture with fenvalerate/endosulfan/quinalphos is suggested for effective management of bollworms in cotton.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Bt tank mixtures with the listed insecticides for bollworm management.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- bollwormsHelicoverpa zeae0pest
- Outcome
- tank mixture with fenvalerate/endosulfan/quinalphose0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of Bt (‘Dipel 8L’) in alternation with endosulfan or as tank mixture with fenvalerate/endosulfan/quinalphos is suggested for effective management of bollworms in cotton.”
The same questions in other papers
endosulfan · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →quinalphos · Helicoverpa zea · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
fenvalerate · Helicoverpa zea · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
endosulfan · Helicoverpa zea · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →transgenic · Helicoverpa zea · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →application · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →transgenic · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
23 papers more in this group
See all 27 papers →transgenic · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
73 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
74 papers more in this group
See all 78 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.