Abstract
SUMMARY In a factorial experiment on canker control the efficiency of phenylmercurie nitrate (PMN) applied at leaf fall, before bud burst or both was compared with the application of dodine, dithianon, triforine, thiabendazole, benomyl or carbendazim in May and June. Of the total number of cankers which developed in unsprayed trees 76–78% resulted from infections in April to August of each year of the experiment. Infection was reduced significantly by all of the fungicides applied in summer. Of these carbendazim was outstanding, controlling both summer and autumn infections. Sporulation throughout the summer was suppressed by carbendazim and to a lesser extent benomyl, but whereas the suppressant effect of carbendazim persisted until long after leaf fall that of benomyl was evident only until August. Dodine, dithianon, triforine and thiabendazole had no significant effect on spore production. Dithianon and dodine showed highest toxicity to the germination of Nectria galligena spores of all fungicides used in summer. All of the fungicides controlled apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) although thiabendazole was the least effective. Autumn applications of PMN reduced canker incidence but their value alone was not as great as carbendazim, dithianon, benomyl or dodine applied in summer. PMN applied in spring reduced the number of cankers in trees receiving no other fungicides but tended to increase the incidence of infections, particularly in autumn, when used in conjunction with fungicides applied in May and June. PMN applied before bud burst reduced sporulation of N. galligena for a few weeks, after which production resumed and in late summer and autumn actually exceeded the controls. None of the fungicides had any direct effect on leaf fall. Infection of the crotch and basal leaf scars was more common in summer than in autumn whereas infection of leaf scars above the basal region was more common in autumn than in summer. The rootstocks of many of the trees became infected via callus tissue associated with adventitious root development and this was controlled by the carbendazim treatment.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Most cankers in unsprayed apple trees arose from April-to-August infections.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- cankers which developed in unsprayed treese0
- Value
- 76–78%e0
- Qualifier
- infections in April to Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the total number of cankers which developed in unsprayed trees 76–78% resulted from infections in April to August of each year of the experiment.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer fungicides significantly reduced infection.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- all of the fungicides applied in summere0
- Interactor
- Nectria galligena
Neonectria galligenat0pathogen - Outcome
- Infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection was reduced significantly by all of the fungicides applied in summer.”
t0“apple canker (Nectria galligena)”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim controlled both summer and autumn infections.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Outcome
- summer and autumn infectionse0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of these carbendazim was outstanding, controlling both summer and autumn infections.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim suppressed Nectria sporulation through summer and beyond leaf fall.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Interactor
- Nectria galligenaNeonectria galligenat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Sporulatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- persisted until long after leaf falle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sporulation throughout the summer was suppressed by carbendazim and to a lesser extent benomyl, but whereas the suppressant effect of carbendazim persisted until long after leaf fall that of benomyl was evident only until August.”
t0“apple canker (Nectria galligena)”
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl suppressed sporulation less and only until August.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- benomyle0
- Outcome
- Sporulatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- only until Auguste0
- Comparator
- carbendazime0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sporulation throughout the summer was suppressed by carbendazim and to a lesser extent benomyl, but whereas the suppressant effect of carbendazim persisted until long after leaf fall that of benomyl was evident only until August.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Dodine had no significant effect on spore production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Dodinee0
- Outcome
- spore productione0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dodine, dithianon, triforine and thiabendazole had no significant effect on spore production.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Dithianon had no significant effect on spore production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- dithianone0
- Outcome
- spore productione0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dodine, dithianon, triforine and thiabendazole had no significant effect on spore production.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Triforine had no significant effect on spore production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- triforinee0
- Outcome
- spore productione0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dodine, dithianon, triforine and thiabendazole had no significant effect on spore production.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiabendazole had no significant effect on spore production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- thiabendazolee0
- Outcome
- spore productione0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dodine, dithianon, triforine and thiabendazole had no significant effect on spore production.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Dithianon showed the highest Nectria spore germination toxicity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Dithianone0
- Interactor
- Nectria galligenaNeonectria galligenae0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of Nectria galligena sporese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- all fungicides used in summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dithianon and dodine showed highest toxicity to the germination of Nectria galligena spores of all fungicides used in summer.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Dodine showed the highest Nectria spore germination toxicity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- dodinee0
- Interactor
- Nectria galligenaNeonectria galligenae0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of Nectria galligena sporese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- all fungicides used in summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dithianon and dodine showed highest toxicity to the germination of Nectria galligena spores of all fungicides used in summer.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
All fungicides controlled apple scab, with thiabendazole least effective.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- All of the fungicidese0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise0pathogen - Outcome
- apple scabe0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All of the fungicides controlled apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) although thiabendazole was the least effective.”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn PMN reduced canker incidence but was less valuable than several summer fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Autumn applications of PMNe0
- Outcome
- canker incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- carbendazim, dithianon, benomyl or dodine applied in summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Autumn applications of PMN reduced canker incidence but their value alone was not as great as carbendazim, dithianon, benomyl or dodine applied in summer.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring PMN reduced cankers without other fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- PMN applied in springe0
- Outcome
- number of cankerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- trees receiving no other fungicidese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PMN applied in spring reduced the number of cankers in trees receiving no other fungicides but tended to increase the incidence of infections, particularly in autumn, when used in conjunction with fungicides applied in May and June.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring PMN with May–June fungicides tended to increase autumn infection incidence.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- PMN applied in springe0
- Outcome
- incidence of infectionse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- when used in conjunction with fungicides applied in May and Junee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PMN applied in spring reduced the number of cankers in trees receiving no other fungicides but tended to increase the incidence of infections, particularly in autumn, when used in conjunction with fungicides applied in May and June.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-bud-burst PMN briefly reduced sporulation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- PMN applied before bud burste0
- Interactor
- N. galligenaNeonectria galligenae0pathogen
- Outcome
- sporulation of N. galligenae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- for a few weekse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PMN applied before bud burst reduced sporulation of N. galligena for a few weeks, after which production resumed and in late summer and autumn actually exceeded the controls.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
After pre-bud-burst PMN, late-summer and autumn Nectria sporulation exceeded controls.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- PMN applied before bud burste0
- Interactor
- N. galligenaNeonectria galligenae0pathogen
- Outcome
- sporulation of N. galligenae0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Qualifier
- late summer and autumne0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PMN applied before bud burst reduced sporulation of N. galligena for a few weeks, after which production resumed and in late summer and autumn actually exceeded the controls.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the fungicides directly affected leaf fall.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- None of the fungicidese0
- Outcome
- leaf falle0
- Direction
- any direct effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the fungicides had any direct effect on leaf fall.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection site patterns differed by season.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Infection of the crotch and basal leaf scarse0
- Direction
- more commone0
- Comparator
- autumne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection of the crotch and basal leaf scars was more common in summer than in autumn whereas infection of leaf scars above the basal region was more common in autumn than in summer.”
t0“apple canker”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim controlled rootstock infections via adventitious root callus.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- rootstockse0
- Treatment
- carbendazim treatmente0
- Outcome
- rootstocks of many of the trees became infectede0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rootstocks of many of the trees became infected via callus tissue associated with adventitious root development and this was controlled by the carbendazim treatment.”
t0“apple canker”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.