Abstract
Interactive effects of a mixture of fenarimol and dodine in the inhibition of Venturi inaequalis populations and the risk that resistance will develop when the mixture is used for control of apple scab were investigated. Interactive mixture effects were determined for a composite population (n = 1007) representative of the Great Lakes apple-growing region and for a population (n = 1,295) sampled over three years from a single experimental orchard subjected to various fungicide treatments. Several interactive effects were identified: (i) subpopulations of V. inaequalis isolates resistant to dodine contained a higher proportion of isolates also resistant to fenarimol, (ii) synergistic effects were apparent for a large proportion of dodine- or fenarimol-resistant isolates when tested in mixture, and (iii) the level of fenarimol resistance was higher in the subpopulation resisting the mixture than in the subpopulation resisting fenarimol alone. Interactive effects determined under in vivo test conditions were of low relevance in the control of apple scab. The partly pleiotropic resistance of dodine and fenarimol had no apparent impact on the fenarimol sensitivities of dodine-resistant populations, and expression of synergistic mixture effects were of low or no significance under orchard conditions of scab control. Treatments of apple trees with a half-rate mixture of fenarimol and dodine selected V. inaequalis isolates resistant to the mixture. Such isolates were poorly controlled by the mixture and by each component applied alone at twice their mixture rates; therefore, mixture-resistant isolates will be selected and must be controlled by other means. The level of fenarimol resistance was high for the mixture-resistant subpopulation; therefore, increasing the mixture rate of fenarimol is unlikely to significantly improve control of these isolates. The advantage of a half-rate mixture of fenarimol and dodine in scab management resides in a substantially lower frequency of selectable isolates compared to the frequencies encountered by fenarimol and dodine applied alone.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Dodine resistant V. inaequalis isolates more often resisted fenarimol.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- dodinee0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- proportion of isolates also resistant to fenarimole0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subpopulations of V. inaequalis isolates resistant to dodine contained a higher proportion of isolates also resistant to fenarimol”
t0“Apple Scab”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide mixture showed synergy for many resistant isolates.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- mixturee0
- Interactor
- isolatese0pathogen
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synergistic effects were apparent for a large proportion of dodine- or fenarimol-resistant isolates when tested in mixture”
t0“Apple Scab”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenarimol resistance was higher in isolates resisting the mixture than isolates resisting fenarimol alone.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- level of fenarimol resistancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- subpopulation resisting fenarimol alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of fenarimol resistance was higher in the subpopulation resisting the mixture than in the subpopulation resisting fenarimol alone.”
t0“Apple Scab”
e1“subpopulations of V. inaequalis isolates resistant to dodine contained a higher proportion of isolates also resistant to fenarimol”
Claim · model-written summary
A half rate mixture selected V. inaequalis isolates resistant to the mixture.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- half-rate mixture of fenarimol and dodinee0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- V. inaequalis isolates resistant to the mixturee0
- Direction
- selectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments of apple trees with a half-rate mixture of fenarimol and dodine selected V. inaequalis isolates resistant to the mixture.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixture resistant isolates were poorly controlled by the mixture and individual components.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- mixturee0
- Interactor
- isolatese0pathogen
- Outcome
- poorly controllede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Such isolates were poorly controlled by the mixture and by each component applied alone at twice their mixture rates”
t0“Apple Scab”
Claim · model-written summary
The half rate mixture had a lower frequency of selectable isolates than either fungicide alone.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- half-rate mixture of fenarimol and dodinee1
- Outcome
- frequency of selectable isolatese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- fenarimol and dodine applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a substantially lower frequency of selectable isolates compared to the frequencies encountered by fenarimol and dodine applied alone.”
t0“Apple Scab”
e1“Treatments of apple trees with a half-rate mixture of fenarimol and dodine selected V. inaequalis isolates resistant to the mixture.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.