Abstract
SUMMARY Gels incorporating carbendazim and triadimefon were prepared from sodium alginate, a xanthan gum or an esterified alginic acid and evaluated as wound treatments on apple and plum trees. Fungicide movement and persistence were similar with sodium alginate and xanthan gels but movement was reduced and persistence increased with the esterified material. Callus tissue formation was not inhibited by any formulation. Adding acid to fungicides to form salts had little effect on fungicide movement or persistence and caused unacceptable phytotoxicity. Thiophanate‐methyl or thiabendazole were not superior to carbendazim, nor imazalil to triadimefon, for protection against Nectria galligena and Chondroster‐eum purpureum respectively. Sealants containing octhilinone, carbendazim plus captan, or mercuric oxide quickly established sufficient fungicide in the wood to eradicate N. galligena but possibly insufficient to protect adequately against C. purpureum. Gel formulations are valid alternatives to sealants as fresh wound pathogen treatments but fungicide persistence is insufficient for them to be recommended for treatment against mature wound pathogens.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide movement and persistence were similar with sodium alginate and xanthan gels.
- Taxon
- apple and plum trees
Malus domestica
Prunus domesticat0 - Treatment
- sodium alginatee0
- Outcome
- Fungicide movement and persistencee0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- xanthan gelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide movement and persistence were similar with sodium alginate and xanthan gels but movement was reduced and persistence increased with the esterified material.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Esterified material reduced fungicide movement.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- esterified materiale0
- Outcome
- movemente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- sodium alginate and xanthan gelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide movement and persistence were similar with sodium alginate and xanthan gels but movement was reduced and persistence increased with the esterified material.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Esterified material increased fungicide persistence.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- esterified materiale0
- Outcome
- persistencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- sodium alginate and xanthan gelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide movement and persistence were similar with sodium alginate and xanthan gels but movement was reduced and persistence increased with the esterified material.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
No formulation inhibited callus tissue formation.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- any formulatione0
- Outcome
- Callus tissue formatione0
- Direction
- not inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Callus tissue formation was not inhibited by any formulation.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding acid had little effect on fungicide movement or persistence.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Adding acid to fungicides to form saltse0
- Outcome
- fungicide movement or persistencee0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding acid to fungicides to form salts had little effect on fungicide movement or persistence and caused unacceptable phytotoxicity.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding acid to fungicides caused unacceptable phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Adding acid to fungicides to form saltse0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adding acid to fungicides to form salts had little effect on fungicide movement or persistence and caused unacceptable phytotoxicity.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiophanate methyl and thiabendazole were not superior to carbendazim against Nectria galligena.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Thiophanate‐methyl or thiabendazolee0
- Interactor
- Nectria galligena
Neonectria galligenae0pathogen - Outcome
- protection against Nectria galligenae0
- Direction
- not superiore0
- Comparator
- carbendazime0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thiophanate‐methyl or thiabendazole were not superior to carbendazim, nor imazalil to triadimefon, for protection against Nectria galligena and Chondroster‐eum purpureum respectively.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazalil was not superior to triadimefon against Chondroster‐eum purpureum.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- imazalile0
- Interactor
- Chondroster‐eum purpureum
Chondrostereum purpureume0pathogen - Outcome
- protectione0
- Direction
- not superiore0
- Comparator
- triadimefone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thiophanate‐methyl or thiabendazole were not superior to carbendazim, nor imazalil to triadimefon, for protection against Nectria galligena and Chondroster‐eum purpureum respectively.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The listed sealants established enough wood fungicide to eradicate N. galligena.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Sealants containing octhilinone, carbendazim plus captan, or mercuric oxidee0
- Interactor
- N. galligenaNeonectria galligenae0pathogen
- Outcome
- eradicate N. galligenae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sealants containing octhilinone, carbendazim plus captan, or mercuric oxide quickly established sufficient fungicide in the wood to eradicate N. galligena but possibly insufficient to protect adequately against C. purpureum.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The same sealants may provide insufficient protection against C. purpureum.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Sealants containing octhilinone, carbendazim plus captan, or mercuric oxidee0
- Interactor
- C. purpureume0pathogen
- Outcome
- protect adequately against C. purpureume0
- Qualifier
- possibly insufficiente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sealants containing octhilinone, carbendazim plus captan, or mercuric oxide quickly established sufficient fungicide in the wood to eradicate N. galligena but possibly insufficient to protect adequately against C. purpureum.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider gels valid alternatives for fresh wound treatments.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Gel formulationse0
- Outcome
- valid alternatives to sealants as fresh wound pathogen treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gel formulations are valid alternatives to sealants as fresh wound pathogen treatments but fungicide persistence is insufficient for them to be recommended for treatment against mature wound pathogens.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors do not recommend gels against mature wound pathogens because persistence is insufficient.
- Taxon
- apple and plum treesMalus domesticaPrunus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Gel formulationse0
- Outcome
- fungicide persistence is insufficient for them to be recommended for treatment against mature wound pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gel formulations are valid alternatives to sealants as fresh wound pathogen treatments but fungicide persistence is insufficient for them to be recommended for treatment against mature wound pathogens.”
t0“apple and plum trees”
The same questions in other papers
thiophanate-methyl · Neonectria galligena · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
captan · Neonectria galligena · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →octhilinone · Neonectria galligena · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
thiabendazole · Neonectria galligena · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Mercuric oxide · Neonectria galligena · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
carbendazim · Neonectria galligena · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →fungicide · crop injury · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
fungicide · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.