Abstract
BACKGROUND: Salinity stress restricts the growth and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a salt-sensitive legume. This study evaluated the foliar application of nanoparticle (NP) formulations to alleviate salt stress under moderate soil salinity (EC 7.71-7.83 dS m⁻¹). A two-season field experiment tested foliar sprays with salicylic acid (SA), silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs), chitosan nanoparticles (Ch-NPs), chitosan-silicon nanoparticles [Ch-Si (NPs)], and Ch-Si (NPs) + SA. Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmoprotectants, nutrient content, and pod yield were measured. RESULTS: Salinity stress reduced plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and nutrient balance while increasing oxidative damage. All treatments mitigated these effects, with Ch-Si (NPs) + SA showing the greatest improvement. Compared with the saline control, this treatment increased shoot dry weight and green pod yield by approximately twofold and enhanced net photosynthetic rate by about 40%. Leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratios increased by 113.9%-126.3%, while Na⁺ content decreased by 37.2%-39.9%, electrolyte leakage by 44.7%-46.7%, and malondialdehyde by 55.8%-59.0% across both seasons. Ch-Si (NPs) + SA also increased activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline, ascorbate, glutathione, α-tocopherol) compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS: Foliar application of Ch-Si (NPs) + SA was associated with improved physiological performance, oxidative balance, and yield of common bean grown under saline field conditions. This combination may offer a promising biostimulant strategy for legume production in salt-affected soils, though further research is needed to establish broader applicability and long-term effects.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced common bean growth, photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient balance and increased oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Outcome
- plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and nutrient balancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress reduced plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and nutrient balance while increasing oxidative damage”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested foliar treatments mitigated salinity effects, with the combined treatment giving the greatest improvement.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Ch-Si (NPs) + SAe0
- Outcome
- greatest improvemente0
- Direction
- greatest improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments mitigated these effects, with Ch-Si (NPs) + SA showing the greatest improvement”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Ch-Si nanoparticles and SA approximately doubled shoot dry weight relative to the saline control.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acidt0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately twofolde0
- Comparator
- saline controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the saline control, this treatment increased shoot dry weight and green pod yield by approximately twofold”
t0“chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acid enhances salinity tolerance and yield of common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment approximately doubled green pod yield.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acidt0
- Outcome
- green pod yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately twofolde0
- Comparator
- saline controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the saline control, this treatment increased shoot dry weight and green pod yield by approximately twofold”
t0“chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acid enhances salinity tolerance and yield of common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased net photosynthetic rate by about 40%.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acidt0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- about 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced net photosynthetic rate by about 40%”
t0“chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acid enhances salinity tolerance and yield of common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratios increased by 113.9%-126.3% across seasons.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acidt0
- Outcome
- Leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratiose0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 113.9%-126.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf K⁺/Na⁺ ratios increased by 113.9%-126.3%”
t0“chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acid enhances salinity tolerance and yield of common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Na⁺ content decreased by 37.2%-39.9%.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acidt0
- Outcome
- Na⁺ contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 37.2%-39.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na⁺ content decreased by 37.2%-39.9%”
t0“chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acid enhances salinity tolerance and yield of common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage decreased by 44.7%-46.7%.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acidt0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Value
- 44.7%-46.7%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“electrolyte leakage by 44.7%-46.7%”
t0“chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acid enhances salinity tolerance and yield of common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde decreased by 55.8%-59.0%.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acidt0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Value
- 55.8%-59.0%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde by 55.8%-59.0%”
t0“chitosan-silicon nanoparticles and salicylic acid enhances salinity tolerance and yield of common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased enzymatic antioxidant activities versus control.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Ch-Si (NPs) + SAe0
- Outcome
- activities of enzymatic antioxidantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch-Si (NPs) + SA also increased activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline, ascorbate, glutathione, α-tocopherol) compared with the control”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased nonenzymatic antioxidant levels versus control.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Ch-Si (NPs) + SAe0
- Outcome
- levels of non-enzymatic antioxidantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ch-Si (NPs) + SA also increased activities of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) and levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (proline, ascorbate, glutathione, α-tocopherol) compared with the control”
t0“common bean”
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See all 9 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.