Paper · 2026 · Molecules

Selenium (IV) and Sulphur (VI) as Elements Modifying Plant Quality: Content of Selenium and Sulphur Forms in Wheat

Marzena S. Brodowska; Magdalena Kurzyna-Szklarek; Mirosław Wyszkowski

16
claims
21
verbatim quotes
0
citations
2
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

In order to achieve high-quality yields, it is essential to provide plants with the necessary nutrients, including selenium (Se) and sulphur (S), to meet their nutritional requirements. This study aimed to determine the effect of selenium (0, 10 and 20 g Se ha−1) and the date of its application (in the tillering phase and in the stem elongation phase) and sulphur application (0, 15 and 30 kg S ha−1) on the content of selenium and various forms of sulphur (total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur) and the N:S ratio in winter spelt wheat and winter common wheat. The research hypothesis assumed that different doses of selenium and sulphur and the timing of their application would have a beneficial effect on the Se and S content in the grain and straw of spelt wheat and common wheat. Selenium fertilisation significantly increased the content of this element in the grain of spelt wheat and common wheat. The concentration of selenium was also influenced by the timing of its application in the plant growth environment. However, the dose of selenium and the timing of its application were not associated with significant changes in the content of both forms of sulphur in the tested plants. The experimental factors used did not contribute to the achievement of selenium levels toxic to humans and animals. The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively. The sulphur content in the plant growth environment was not associated with a change in the selenium content in the grain of the tested plants. The results of our study suggest that the optimal dose of selenium for biofortification of humans and animals is 20 mg Se ha−1 on clay soil, applied during the stem elongation phase of spelt and common wheat. Biofortification of wheat with selenium and sulphur is a good method of supplementing deficiencies of this element in the human diet.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 16

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Selenium fertilisation significantly increased the selenium content in the grain of spelt wheat.

Taxon
spelt wheate0
Treatment
Selenium fertilisatione0
Outcome
content of this element in the graine0
Direction
increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“Selenium fertilisation significantly increased the content of this element in the grain of spelt wheat and common wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 802–921 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Selenium fertilisation significantly increased the selenium content in the grain of common wheat.

Taxon
common wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment
Selenium fertilisatione0
Outcome
content of this element in the graine0
Direction
increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Selenium fertilisation significantly increased the content of this element in the grain of spelt wheat and common wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 802–921 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The concentration of selenium in wheat was also influenced by the timing of selenium application.

Treatment
timing of its applicatione0
Outcome
concentration of seleniume0

Not reportedComparatorDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 109–114 · show in text ↑
e0

“The concentration of selenium was also influenced by the timing of its application”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 923–1005 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The dose of selenium and the timing of its application were not associated with significant changes in the content of both forms of sulphur in the tested plants.

Treatment
dose of selenium and the timing of its applicatione0
Outcome
content of both forms of sulphure0
Direction
not associated with significant changese0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 109–114 · show in text ↑
e0

“the dose of selenium and the timing of its application were not associated with significant changes in the content of both forms of sulphur in the tested plants”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1048–1208 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The experimental factors used did not lead to selenium levels toxic to humans and animals.

Treatment
experimental factorse0
Outcome
selenium levels toxic to humans and animalse0
Direction
did not contributee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 109–114 · show in text ↑
e0

“The experimental factors used did not contribute to the achievement of selenium levels toxic to humans and animals”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1210–1324 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence in the growth environment increased total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur contents in spelt wheat grain and straw.

Taxon
spelt wheate0
Organ / stage
grain and strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphure0
Direction
increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence in the growth environment increased total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur contents in common wheat grain and straw.

Taxon
common wheatTriticum aestivume0
Organ / stage
grain and strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphure0
Direction
increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence increased total sulphur content of spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%.

Taxon
spelt wheate0
Organ / stage
strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
total sulphure0
Direction
increasee0
Value
17%e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence increased sulphate sulphur content of spelt wheat straw by an average of 29%.

Taxon
spelt wheate0
Organ / stage
strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
sulphate sulphure0
Direction
increasee0
Value
29%e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence increased organic sulphur content of spelt wheat straw by an average of 23%.

Taxon
spelt wheate0
Organ / stage
strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
organic sulphure0
Direction
increasee0
Value
23%e0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence increased total sulphur content of common wheat straw by 26%.

Taxon
common wheatTriticum aestivume0
Organ / stage
strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
total sulphure0
Direction
increasee0
Value
26%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence increased sulphate sulphur content of common wheat straw by 18%.

Taxon
common wheatTriticum aestivume0
Organ / stage
strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
sulphate sulphure0
Direction
increasee0
Value
18%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sulphur presence increased organic sulphur content of common wheat straw by 57%.

Taxon
common wheatTriticum aestivume0
Organ / stage
strawe0
Treatment
presence of sulphure0
Outcome
organic sulphure0
Direction
increasee0
Value
57%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The presence of sulphur in the growth environment of spelt wheat and common wheat was associated with an increase in the content of both total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and organic sulphur in their grain and straw, especially in spelt wheat straw by an average of 17%, 29% and 23%, respectively, and in common wheat straw by 26%, 18% and 57%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1326–1681 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The sulphur content in the plant growth environment was not associated with a change in the selenium content in the grain of the tested plants.

Organ / stage
graine0
Treatment
sulphur content in the plant growth environmente0
Outcome
selenium content in the graine0
Direction
not associated with a changee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 109–114 · show in text ↑
e0

“The sulphur content in the plant growth environment was not associated with a change in the selenium content in the grain of the tested plants”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1683–1825 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors suggest the optimal selenium dose for biofortification is 20 mg Se ha-1 on clay soil, applied during the stem elongation phase of spelt and common wheat.

Taxon
spelt and common wheatTriticum aestivumTriticum speltae0
Outcome
optimal dose of selenium for biofortificatione0
Value
20 mg Se ha−1e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗
Triticum spelta
Triticum spelta · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the optimal dose of selenium for biofortification of humans and animals is 20 mg Se ha−1 on clay soil, applied during the stem elongation phase of spelt and common wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1865–2034 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors conclude that biofortification of wheat with selenium and sulphur is a good method of supplementing deficiencies of this element in the human diet.

Outcome
good method of supplementing deficiencies of this element in the human diete0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“Wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 109–114 · show in text ↑
e0

“Biofortification of wheat with selenium and sulphur is a good method of supplementing deficiencies of this element in the human diet”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2036–2168 · show in text ↑

sulfur atom · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ

66 papers: 51 positive, 15 negative or no effect

50 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. negative
  3. no effect

62 papers more in this group

See all 66 papers →

selenium atom · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

27 papers: 22 positive, 5 negative or no effect

21 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. negative
  3. no effect

23 papers more in this group

See all 27 papers →

sulfur atom · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

39 papers: 36 positive, 3 negative or no effect

35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

  1. negative
  2. no effect
  3. no effect

35 papers more in this group

See all 39 papers →

climate site · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

15 papers: 7 positive, 8 negative or no effect

7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

11 papers more in this group

See all 15 papers →

fertilization · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results

288 papers: 232 positive, 56 negative or no effect

231 papers in the same direction as this paper · 54 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. negative
  3. no effect

284 papers more in this group

See all 288 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.