Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND: While human diets are often deficient in zinc (Zn), the impacts of crop management on Zn in cereal grains are rarely examined. In this study the effect of phosphorus (P) fertiliser and crop sequence (wheat following canola, linola, fallow or pasture) on wheat grain Zn concentration and bioavailability for humans was investigated. RESULTS: The Zn concentration of wheat grain decreased by 33–39% in response to P fertiliser. It was also 30–40% lower for crops following canola and fallow than for those following linola and pasture. P fertiliser decreased the colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wheat roots, and canola and fallow led to lower colonisation than linola and pasture. Since AMF are known to assist in soil uptake of immobile nutrients such as Zn, it is hypothesised that P fertiliser and crop sequence affected grain Zn concentration through AMF. P fertiliser also increased the concentrations of grain P by 17% and grain phytic acid (PA) by 19%, but had little effect on the concentrations of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and polyphenols. Other impacts of crop sequence were slightly higher concentrations in grain of P after pasture and Fe after canola. The bioavailability of grain Zn, as shown by the PA:Zn and Ca × PA:Zn molar ratios, mostly reflected Zn concentration and was low in all treatments. After milling, the PA:Zn molar ratio suggested low Zn bioavailability for flour from wheat grown with P fertiliser after canola or fallow. CONCLUSION: Crop management can affect the bioavailability of Zn in wheat grain, with practices leading to high yields potentially leading to low Zn bioavailability. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer decreased wheat grain zinc concentration by 33–39%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- P fertilisere0
- Outcome
- Zn concentration of wheat graine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33–39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Zn concentration of wheat grain decreased by 33–39% in response to P fertiliser.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat following canola had lower grain zinc than wheat following linola and pasture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- following canolae0
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 30–40%e0
- Comparator
- following linola and pasturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was also 30–40% lower for crops following canola and fallow than for those following linola and pasture.”
e1“The Zn concentration of wheat grain decreased by 33–39% in response to P fertiliser.”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat following fallow had lower grain zinc than wheat following linola and pasture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fallowe0
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 30–40%e0
- Comparator
- following linola and pasturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was also 30–40% lower for crops following canola and fallow than for those following linola and pasture.”
e1“The Zn concentration of wheat grain decreased by 33–39% in response to P fertiliser.”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer decreased AMF colonization of wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e0symbiont
- Outcome
- colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wheat rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertiliser decreased the colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola and fallow sequences yielded lower AMF colonization than linola and pasture.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- canola and fallowe0
- Interactor
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)e1symbiont
- Outcome
- colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wheat rootse1
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- linola and pasturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“canola and fallow led to lower colonisation than linola and pasture”
e1“colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesize that fertilizer and sequence act on grain zinc through AMF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- P fertiliser and crop sequencee0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is hypothesised that P fertiliser and crop sequence affected grain Zn concentration through AMF”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer increased grain phosphorus concentration by 17%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere0
- Outcome
- concentrations of grain Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertiliser also increased the concentrations of grain P by 17%”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer increased grain phytic acid concentration by 19%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere0
- Outcome
- grain phytic acid (PA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertiliser also increased the concentrations of grain P by 17% and grain phytic acid (PA) by 19%”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer had little effect on grain calcium, iron and polyphenols.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere0
- Outcome
- concentrations of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and polyphenolse0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertiliser also increased the concentrations of grain P by 17% and grain phytic acid (PA) by 19%, but had little effect on the concentrations of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and polyphenols.”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Pasture preceding wheat slightly raised grain phosphorus.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- after pasturee0
- Outcome
- concentrations in grain of Pe0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slightly higher concentrations in grain of P after pasture”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola preceding wheat slightly raised grain iron.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- after canolae1
- Outcome
- Fee1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe after canola”
e1“slightly higher concentrations in grain of P after pasture and Fe after canola”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain zinc bioavailability was low in all treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- bioavailability of grain Zne0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- all treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bioavailability of grain Zn, as shown by the PA:Zn and Ca × PA:Zn molar ratios, mostly reflected Zn concentration and was low in all treatments.”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain zinc bioavailability mostly reflected zinc concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Zn concentratione0
- Outcome
- bioavailability of grain Zne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bioavailability of grain Zn, as shown by the PA:Zn and Ca × PA:Zn molar ratios, mostly reflected Zn concentration”
t0“wheat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Milled flour from fertilized wheat after canola showed low zinc bioavailability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- floure0
- Treatment
- P fertiliser after canolae0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After milling, the PA:Zn molar ratio suggested low Zn bioavailability for flour from wheat grown with P fertiliser after canola or fallow.”
Claim · model-written summary
Milled flour from fertilized wheat after fallow showed low zinc bioavailability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- floure0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Qualifier
- fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After milling, the PA:Zn molar ratio suggested low Zn bioavailability for flour from wheat grown with P fertiliser after canola or fallow.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude high yield practices may lower grain zinc bioavailability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- practices leading to high yieldse0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“practices leading to high yields potentially leading to low Zn bioavailability.”
t0“wheat grain”
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