Abstract
Postharvest blue mold in apples, caused by Penicillium expansum, leads to fruit decay and patulin (PAT) contamination, incurring major economic and health risks. This study developed a composite biocontrol agent (BCA) by co-cultivating three antagonistic yeasts (Meyerozyma caribbica, Metschnikowia zizyphicola, and Pichia rarassimilans). Mixed-culture conditions and protective additives formulation were optimized via response surface methodology. Optimal biomass production was achieved with a 1:2:3 (v/v/v) yeast ratio in medium containing sucrose (12.49 g/L), yeast extract powder (13.3 g/L), K2HPO4 (0.88 g/L), and NaCl (0.95 g/L) under pH 7.0, 1% total inoculum concentration, 24 °C, and a 60 h incubation. The liquid BCA formulation, stabilized with 0.27% gum arabic, 0.49% Tween-80, and 0.079% ascorbic acid, maintained high viability (9.15 log10 CFU/mL after 7 days). In vivo/in vitro trials all demonstrated that the composite BCA rapidly colonized, suppressed P. expansum infection, and significantly delayed pathogen spore germination and hyphal growth. Furthermore, the BCA effectively degraded 10 μg/mL PAT within 24–42 h in various fruit juices with minimal adverse effects on juice quality parameters. Storage at −20 °C preserved the highest bioactivity (7.93 × 108 CFU/mL after 5 months). This optimized composite yeast formulation provides an efficient, eco-friendly strategy for integrated apple postharvest blue mold and PAT detoxification.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
A 1:2:3 yeast ratio in the specified medium gave optimal biomass production.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- Optimal biomass productione0
- Value
- 1:2:3 (v/v/v)e0
- Qualifier
- pH 7.0, 1% total inoculum concentration, 24 °C, and a 60 h incubatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimal biomass production was achieved with a 1:2:3 (v/v/v) yeast ratio in medium containing sucrose (12.49 g/L), yeast extract powder (13.3 g/L), K2HPO4 (0.88 g/L), and NaCl (0.95 g/L) under pH 7.0, 1% total inoculum concentration, 24 °C, and a 60 h incubation”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The liquid formulation maintained 9.15 log10 CFU/mL viability after seven days.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- high viabilitye0
- Value
- 9.15 log10 CFU/mLe0
- Qualifier
- after 7 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The liquid BCA formulation, stabilized with 0.27% gum arabic, 0.49% Tween-80, and 0.079% ascorbic acid, maintained high viability (9.15 log10 CFU/mL after 7 days)”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The composite agent rapidly colonized in trials.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- rapidly colonizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composite BCA rapidly colonized”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The composite agent suppressed P. expansum infection.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- composite BCAe0
- Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Outcome
- P. expansum infectione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composite BCA rapidly colonized, suppressed P. expansum infection”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The composite agent significantly delayed pathogen spore germination.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- composite BCAe0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen spore germinatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composite BCA rapidly colonized, suppressed P. expansum infection, and significantly delayed pathogen spore germination and hyphal growth”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The composite agent significantly delayed pathogen hyphal growth.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- composite BCAe0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Outcome
- hyphal growthe0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composite BCA rapidly colonized, suppressed P. expansum infection, and significantly delayed pathogen spore germination and hyphal growth”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The agent degraded 10 μg/mL patulin within 24–42 hours in fruit juices.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BCAe0
- Outcome
- PATe0
- Direction
- degradede0
- Value
- 10 μg/mLe0
- Qualifier
- within 24–42 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the BCA effectively degraded 10 μg/mL PAT within 24–42 h in various fruit juices”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Patulin degradation had minimal adverse effects on juice quality.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- juice quality parameterse0
- Direction
- minimal adverse effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with minimal adverse effects on juice quality parameters”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage at −20 °C preserved the highest agent bioactivity after five months.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Storage at −20 °Ce0
- Outcome
- bioactivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 7.93 × 108 CFU/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Storage at −20 °C preserved the highest bioactivity (7.93 × 108 CFU/mL after 5 months)”
t0“Apples”
t1“Apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose the optimized yeast formulation for integrated apple blue mold and patulin control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- integrated apple postharvest blue mold and PAT detoxificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This optimized composite yeast formulation provides an efficient, eco-friendly strategy for integrated apple postharvest blue mold and PAT detoxification”
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.