Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans strain Ach1-1 was recently isolated for its biocontrol effectiveness against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold on harvested apples. In the present study, strain Ach1-1 was found to be very effective in controlling P. expansum on apple wounds. For in vitro tests, strain Ach1-1 and P. expansum were cocultured in the presence of apple juice (0 - 5%) using a system preventing direct contact between both agents. The presence of the antagonist greatly reduced germination of conidia at low (0.1, 0.5 and 1%) but not at high (5%) juice concentrations. Germination of previously inhibited conidia at 0.5% apple juice was partially restored in the presence of the antagonist when fresh juice was added at a final concentration of 5%, and completely recovered at both 0.5 and 5% juice concentrations in the absence of the antagonist. These data show that P. expansum conidia are able to germinate when cocultered with strain Ach1-1 in conditions of sufficient rather than limited nutrient availability and that the antagonist does not affect the viability of these conidia, indicating that the inhibitory effect of strain Ach1-1 on conidia germination may be due to a competition for nutrients. Such observation was confirmed in situ since the application of high amounts of exogenous amino acids, vitamins or sugars on apple wounds significantly reduced the protective level of strain Ach1-1 against P. expansum, the most important effect was obtained with amino acids followed by vitamins and then by sugars. The present work provides both in vitro and in situ evidence that the biocontrol activity of strain Ach1-1 against P. expansum essentially relies on competition for apple fruit nutrients, especially amino acids.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Ach1-1 controlled P. expansum in apple wounds.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Interactor
- P. expansum
Penicillium expansume0pathogen - Second interactor
- Ach1-1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- controlling P. expansum on apple woundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strain Ach1-1 was found to be very effective in controlling P. expansum on apple wounds”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonist reduced conidial germination at low apple juice concentrations but not at 5%.
- Taxon
- apple fruitsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- presence of the antagoniste0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Ach1-1e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- germination of conidiae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- low (0.1, 0.5 and 1%)e0
- Comparator
- high (5%) juice concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of the antagonist greatly reduced germination of conidia at low (0.1, 0.5 and 1%) but not at high (5%) juice concentrations”
t0“apple fruits”
e1“strain Ach1-1 and P. expansum were cocultured”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding fresh juice partly restored germination in the antagonist’s presence.
- Taxon
- apple fruitsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fresh juice was added at a final concentration of 5%e0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Ach1-1e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Germination of previously inhibited conidiae0
- Direction
- partially restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination of previously inhibited conidia at 0.5% apple juice was partially restored in the presence of the antagonist when fresh juice was added at a final concentration of 5%”
t0“apple fruits”
e1“strain Ach1-1 and P. expansum were cocultured”
Claim · model-written summary
Without the antagonist, conidial germination recovered completely at both juice concentrations.
- Taxon
- apple fruitsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- Germination of previously inhibited conidiae1
- Direction
- completely recoverede0
- Qualifier
- both 0.5 and 5% juice concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“completely recovered at both 0.5 and 5% juice concentrations in the absence of the antagonist”
e1“Germination of previously inhibited conidia”
t0“apple fruits”
e2“strain Ach1-1 and P. expansum were cocultured”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous nutrients reduced Ach1-1 protection of apple wounds, most strongly for amino acids, then vitamins, then sugars.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- application of high amounts of exogenous amino acids, vitamins or sugarse0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Ach1-1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- protective level of strain Ach1-1 against P. expansume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- amino acids followed by vitamins and then by sugarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of high amounts of exogenous amino acids, vitamins or sugars on apple wounds significantly reduced the protective level of strain Ach1-1 against P. expansum, the most important effect was obtained with amino acids followed by vitamins and then by sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that Ach1-1 biocontrol relies chiefly on competition for apple fruit nutrients, especially amino acids.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- P. expansumPenicillium expansume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Ach1-1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biocontrol activity of strain Ach1-1 against P. expansume0
- Qualifier
- competition for apple fruit nutrients, especially amino acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biocontrol activity of strain Ach1-1 against P. expansum essentially relies on competition for apple fruit nutrients, especially amino acids”
The same questions in other papers
biocontrol · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.