Abstract
A portable drencher capable of drenching a single bin of fruit was built to simulate the commercial application of chemicals to harvested apples in small orchard operations in the central and eastern United States. The drencher required as little as 125 liters of the treatment solution and permitted various bin travel speeds. Wounded apples were placed midway between the bottom and top of the bin, in the center, and near the four corners of the bin (20 fruit per location) and covered with enough unwounded apples to fill the bin. The bins were drenched with a suspension containing Penicillium expansum at 2 × 10 4 conidia per ml in 2000, 5 × 10 3 conidia per ml in 2001, and 3 × 10 3 conidia per ml in 2002 and 2003. In 2000 and 2003, the additional treatments included a combination of P. expansum with the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima at ~;1.2 × 10 7 CFU/ml, and in 2003 a combination with 2% sodium bicarbonate (SB) or a mixture of the yeast and SB. After 3 months of storage at ~;2°C, at all P. expansum conidial concentrations, more than 90% of wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome’ apples in the 2000-02 experiments. In 2003, 66 and 33.1% of the wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, respectively. The application of the antagonist reduced decay to 39 and 3.3% on ‘Golden Delicious’ in 2000 and 2003, respectively, and to 26% on ‘Delicious’ in 2003. The addition of SB reduced decay on both cultivars and, in combination with the yeast, was the most effective treatment on ‘Golden Delicious’. This portable drencher can be very useful for evaluating different treatments applied to apples after harvest at the commercial level.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The portable bin drencher can be very useful for evaluating postharvest treatments applied to apples at commercial level.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae1 - Outcome
- evaluating different treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This portable drencher can be very useful for evaluating different treatments applied to apples after harvest at the commercial level”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounded apples developed more than 90% decay after drenching with Penicillium expansum in 2000-02.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Treatment
- a suspension containing Penicillium expansume2
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume2pathogen - Outcome
- decaye3
- Value
- more than 90%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e3“more than 90% of wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome’ apples in the 2000-02 experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2003, 66% of wounded Delicious apples developed decay after Penicillium expansum drenching.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Material
- Deliciouse4
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye4
- Value
- 66e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e3“more than 90% of wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome’ apples in the 2000-02 experiments”
e4“In 2003, 66 and 33.1% of the wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2003, 33.1% of wounded Golden Delicious apples developed decay after Penicillium expansum drenching.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse4
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye4
- Value
- 33.1%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e3“more than 90% of wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome’ apples in the 2000-02 experiments”
e4“In 2003, 66 and 33.1% of the wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonist reduced decay to 39% on Golden Delicious apples in 2000.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse5
- Treatment
- application of the antagoniste5
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Metschnikowia pulcherrimaMetschnikowia pulcherrimae7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- decaye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 39e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e3“more than 90% of wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome’ apples in the 2000-02 experiments”
e5“The application of the antagonist reduced decay to 39 and 3.3% on ‘Golden Delicious’ in 2000 and 2003, respectively, and to 26% on ‘Delicious’ in 2003”
e7“a combination of P. expansum with the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonist reduced decay to 3.3% on Golden Delicious apples in 2003.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse5
- Treatment
- application of the antagoniste5
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Metschnikowia pulcherrimaMetschnikowia pulcherrimae7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- decaye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 3.3%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e3“more than 90% of wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome’ apples in the 2000-02 experiments”
e5“The application of the antagonist reduced decay to 39 and 3.3% on ‘Golden Delicious’ in 2000 and 2003, respectively, and to 26% on ‘Delicious’ in 2003”
e7“a combination of P. expansum with the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonist reduced decay to 26% on Delicious apples in 2003.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Material
- Deliciouse5
- Treatment
- application of the antagoniste5
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Second interactor
- Metschnikowia pulcherrimaMetschnikowia pulcherrimae7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- decaye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 26%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e3“more than 90% of wounded fruit developed decay on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome’ apples in the 2000-02 experiments”
e5“The application of the antagonist reduced decay to 39 and 3.3% on ‘Golden Delicious’ in 2000 and 2003, respectively, and to 26% on ‘Delicious’ in 2003”
e7“a combination of P. expansum with the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate addition reduced decay on both apple cultivars.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Material
- both cultivarse6
- Treatment
- addition of SBe6
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This portable drencher can be very useful for evaluating different treatments applied to apples after harvest at the commercial level”
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e6“The addition of SB reduced decay on both cultivars and, in combination with the yeast, was the most effective treatment on ‘Golden Delicious’”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate combined with the yeast was the most effective treatment against decay on Golden Delicious apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse6
- Treatment
- in combination with the yeaste6
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- decaye6
- Direction
- most effectivee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This portable drencher can be very useful for evaluating different treatments applied to apples after harvest at the commercial level”
e2“a suspension containing Penicillium expansum”
e6“The addition of SB reduced decay on both cultivars and, in combination with the yeast, was the most effective treatment on ‘Golden Delicious’”
The same questions in other papers
sodium hydrogencarbonate · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
biocontrol · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.