Abstract
Salinity and heavy metal stress significantly reduce agricultural productivity in arable lands, particularly affecting crops like rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of heavy metal-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (HMT-PGPR) in mitigating the harmful effects of salt (NaCl), chromium (Cr), and combined NaCl + Cr stress on rice plants. Two pre-isolated and well-characterized heavy metal-tolerant epiphytic (Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense strain P14) and endophytic (Arthrobacter woluwensis strain M1R2) PGPR were tested. The LSD test (p ≤ 0.05) was used to assess the statistical significance between treatment means. Stresses caused by NaCl, Cr, and their combination were found to impair plant growth and biomass accumulation through mechanisms, including osmotic stress, oxidative damage, ionic imbalance, reduced photosynthetic pigment, lowered relative water content, and compromised antioxidant defense systems. Conversely, inoculation with HMT-PGPR alleviated these adverse effects by reducing oxidative stress indicators, including malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) and enhancing plant growth, osmolyte synthesis, and enzymatic antioxidant activity under single- and dual-stress conditions. The application of HMT-PGPR notably restricted Na+ and Cr6+ uptake, with an endophytic A. woluwensis M1R2 demonstrating superior performance in reducing Cr6+ translocation (38%) and bioaccumulation (42%) in rice under dual stress. The findings suggest that A. woluwensis effectively mitigates combined salinity and chromium stress by maintaining ion homeostasis and improving the plant’s antioxidant defenses.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with HMT-PGPR reduced oxidative stress indicators in rice under salt and chromium stress.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- inoculation with HMT-PGPRe3
- Interactor
- HMT-PGPRe3symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative stress indicatorse3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Qualifier
- malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and electrolyte leakage (EL)e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e3“Conversely, inoculation with HMT-PGPR alleviated these adverse effects by reducing oxidative stress indicators, including malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) and enhancing plant growth, osmolyte synthesis, and enzymatic antioxidant activity under single- and dual-stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with HMT-PGPR enhanced plant growth, osmolyte synthesis and enzymatic antioxidant activity in rice under salt and chromium stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation with HMT-PGPRe3
- Interactor
- HMT-PGPRe3symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth, osmolyte synthesis, and enzymatic antioxidant activitye3
- Direction
- enhancinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e3“Conversely, inoculation with HMT-PGPR alleviated these adverse effects by reducing oxidative stress indicators, including malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) and enhancing plant growth, osmolyte synthesis, and enzymatic antioxidant activity under single- and dual-stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The application of HMT-PGPR restricted Na+ and Cr6+ uptake in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of HMT-PGPRe4
- Interactor
- HMT-PGPRe4symbiont
- Outcome
- Na+ and Cr6+ uptakee4
- Direction
- restrictede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e4“The application of HMT-PGPR notably restricted Na+ and Cr6+ uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophytic A. woluwensis M1R2 reduced Cr6+ translocation in rice by 38% under dual stress, with superior performance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- endophytic A. woluwensis M1R2e5
- Interactor
- A. woluwensis M1R2Arthrobacter woluwensise5symbiont
- Outcome
- Cr6+ translocatione5
- Direction
- reducinge5
- Value
- 38%e5
- Qualifier
- under dual stresse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e5“with an endophytic A. woluwensis M1R2 demonstrating superior performance in reducing Cr6+ translocation (38%) and bioaccumulation (42%) in rice under dual stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The endophytic A. woluwensis M1R2 reduced Cr6+ bioaccumulation in rice by 42% under dual stress, with superior performance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- endophytic A. woluwensis M1R2e5
- Interactor
- A. woluwensis M1R2Arthrobacter woluwensise5symbiont
- Outcome
- bioaccumulatione5
- Direction
- reducinge5
- Value
- 42%e5
- Qualifier
- under dual stresse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e5“with an endophytic A. woluwensis M1R2 demonstrating superior performance in reducing Cr6+ translocation (38%) and bioaccumulation (42%) in rice under dual stress”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl, Cr and their combination impaired plant growth and biomass accumulation in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl, Cr, and their combinatione1
- Outcome
- plant growth and biomass accumulatione1
- Direction
- impaire1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e1“Stresses caused by NaCl, Cr, and their combination were found to impair plant growth and biomass accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl, Cr and their combination reduced photosynthetic pigment in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl, Cr, and their combinatione1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmente2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e1“Stresses caused by NaCl, Cr, and their combination were found to impair plant growth and biomass accumulation”
e2“through mechanisms, including osmotic stress, oxidative damage, ionic imbalance, reduced photosynthetic pigment, lowered relative water content, and compromised antioxidant defense systems”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl, Cr and their combination lowered relative water content in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl, Cr, and their combinatione1
- Outcome
- relative water contente2
- Direction
- lowerede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e1“Stresses caused by NaCl, Cr, and their combination were found to impair plant growth and biomass accumulation”
e2“through mechanisms, including osmotic stress, oxidative damage, ionic imbalance, reduced photosynthetic pigment, lowered relative water content, and compromised antioxidant defense systems”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl, Cr and their combination compromised antioxidant defense systems in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl, Cr, and their combinatione1
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense systemse2
- Direction
- compromisede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e1“Stresses caused by NaCl, Cr, and their combination were found to impair plant growth and biomass accumulation”
e2“through mechanisms, including osmotic stress, oxidative damage, ionic imbalance, reduced photosynthetic pigment, lowered relative water content, and compromised antioxidant defense systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The impairment of rice growth under NaCl, Cr and combined stress is explained by osmotic stress, oxidative damage and ionic imbalance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl, Cr, and their combinatione1
- Outcome
- plant growth and biomass accumulatione1
- Qualifier
- osmotic stress, oxidative damage, ionic imbalancee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chromium and Salt Stress in Rice”
e1“Stresses caused by NaCl, Cr, and their combination were found to impair plant growth and biomass accumulation”
e2“through mechanisms, including osmotic stress, oxidative damage, ionic imbalance, reduced photosynthetic pigment, lowered relative water content, and compromised antioxidant defense systems”
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See all 8 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.