Abstract
Nanomaterials offer considerable benefits in improving plant growth and nutritional status owing to their inherent stability, and efficiency in essential nutrient absorption and delivery. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) at optimum concentration could significantly influence plant morpho-physiology and nutritional status. However, it remains unclear how elevated CO 2 and CeO 2 NPs interactively affect plant growth and quality. Accordingly, the ultimate goal was to reveal whether CeO 2 NPs could alter the impact of elevated CO 2 on the nutrient composition of spinach. For this purpose, spinach plant morpho-physiological, biochemical traits, and nutritional contents were evaluated. Spinach was exposed to different foliar concentrations of CeO 2 NPs (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) in open-top chambers (400 and 600 CO 2 μmol/mol). Results showed that elevated CO 2 enhanced spinach growth by increasing photosynthetic pigments, as evidenced by a higher photosynthetic rate (Pn). However, the maximum growth and photosynthetic pigments were observed at the highest concentration of CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L) under elevated CO 2 . Elevated CO 2 resulted in a decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), whereas CeO 2 NPs enhanced these parameters. No significant changes were observed in any of the measured biochemical parameters due to increased levels of CO 2 . However, an increase in antioxidant enzymes, particularly in catalase (CAT; 14.37%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 10.66%) activities, was observed in high CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L) treatment under elevated CO 2 levels. Regarding plant nutrient content, elevated CO 2 significantly decreases spinach roots and leaves macro and micronutrients as compared to ambient CO 2 levels. CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2 . Overall, CeO 2 NPs improved spinach growth and biomass and reverted the adverse effects of elevated CO 2 on its nutritional quality. These findings indicated that CeO 2 NPs could be used as an effective approach to increase vegetable growth and nutritional values to ensure food security under future climatic conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 enhanced spinach growth.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- elevated CO 2e1
- Outcome
- spinach growthe1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“elevated CO 2 enhanced spinach growth by increasing photosynthetic pigments, as evidenced by a higher photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic pigments in spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“elevated CO 2 enhanced spinach growth by increasing photosynthetic pigments, as evidenced by a higher photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate (Pn)e1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“elevated CO 2 enhanced spinach growth by increasing photosynthetic pigments, as evidenced by a higher photosynthetic rate (Pn)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest CeO2 NP concentration (100 mg/L) under elevated CO2 gave the maximum growth and photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- highest concentration of CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L)e2
- Outcome
- growth and photosynthetic pigmentse2
- Direction
- maximume2
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e2“the maximum growth and photosynthetic pigments were observed at the highest concentration of CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“Elevated CO 2 resulted in a decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), whereas CeO 2 NPs enhanced these parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs enhanced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr)e3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“Elevated CO 2 resulted in a decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), whereas CeO 2 NPs enhanced these parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 caused no significant change in any measured biochemical parameter of spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- increased levels of CO 2e4
- Outcome
- any of the measured biochemical parameterse4
- Direction
- No significant changese4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e4“No significant changes were observed in any of the measured biochemical parameters due to increased levels of CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity in spinach rose by 14.37% at 100 mg/L CeO2 NPs under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- high CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L) treatmente5
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 14.37%e5
- Qualifier
- catalase (CAT; 14.37%)e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e5“an increase in antioxidant enzymes, particularly in catalase (CAT; 14.37%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 10.66%) activities, was observed in high CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L) treatment under elevated CO 2 levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbate peroxidase activity in spinach rose by 10.66% at 100 mg/L CeO2 NPs under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- high CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L) treatmente5
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 10.66%e5
- Qualifier
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 10.66%)e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e5“an increase in antioxidant enzymes, particularly in catalase (CAT; 14.37%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; 10.66%) activities, was observed in high CeO 2 NPs (100 mg/L) treatment under elevated CO 2 levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased macro and micronutrient contents in spinach roots and leaves compared with ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and leavese6
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e6
- Outcome
- macro and micronutrientse6
- Direction
- decreasese6
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 levelse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e6“elevated CO 2 significantly decreases spinach roots and leaves macro and micronutrients as compared to ambient CO 2 levels”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs at 100 mg/L under elevated CO2 increased root and shoot magnesium by 211.62–215.49%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse7
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatmente7
- Outcome
- magnesiume7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 211.62–215.49%e7
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs at 100 mg/L under elevated CO2 increased root and shoot iron by 256.68–322.77%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse7
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatmente7
- Outcome
- irone7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 256.68–322.77%e7
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs at 100 mg/L under elevated CO2 changed root and shoot zinc by 225.89–181.49%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse7
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatmente7
- Outcome
- zince7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 225.89–181.49%e7
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs at 100 mg/L under elevated CO2 increased root and shoot copper by 21.99–138.09%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse7
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatmente7
- Outcome
- coppere7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 21.99–138.09%e7
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs at 100 mg/L under elevated CO2 increased root and shoot potassium by 121.46–138.89%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse7
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatmente7
- Outcome
- potassiume7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 121.46–138.89%e7
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs at 100 mg/L under elevated CO2 changed root and shoot calcium by 118.22–91.32%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse7
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatmente7
- Outcome
- calciume7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 118.22–91.32%e7
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs at 100 mg/L under elevated CO2 increased root and shoot manganese by 133.15–195.02%.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse7
- Treatment
- 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatmente7
- Outcome
- manganesee7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 133.15–195.02%e7
- Qualifier
- under elevated CO 2e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e7“CeO 2 NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest increase observed in 100 mg/L CeO 2 NPs treatment and increased roots and shoots magnesium (211.62–215.49%), iron (256.68–322.77%), zinc (225.89–181.49%), copper (21.99–138.09%), potassium (121.46–138.89%), calcium (118.22–91.32%), manganese (133.15–195.02%) under elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs improved spinach growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse1
- Outcome
- spinach growth and biomasse1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“CeO 2 NPs improved spinach growth and biomass and reverted the adverse effects of elevated CO 2 on its nutritional quality”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs reverted the adverse effects of elevated CO2 on spinach nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- CeO 2 NPse1
- Outcome
- nutritional qualitye1
- Direction
- revertede1
- Qualifier
- adverse effects of elevated CO 2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“CeO 2 NPs improved spinach growth and biomass and reverted the adverse effects of elevated CO 2 on its nutritional quality”
Claim · model-written summary
CeO2 NPs could be an effective approach to increase vegetable growth and nutritional value under future climate conditions (author interpretation).
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- an effective approach to increase vegetable growth and nutritional valuese1
- Setting
- future climatic conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“CeO 2 NPs could be used as an effective approach to increase vegetable growth and nutritional values to ensure food security under future climatic conditions”
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See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.