Abstract
Introduction With the widespread implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects, assessing the associated environmental risks has become increasingly important, particularly concerning crop responses to soil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) leakage. While previous studies have examined plant responses to soil CO 2 stress, the implications for crop nutritional quality remain poorly characterized. Methods A pot experiment was conducted in Shunyi, Beijing, during autumn 2023 to quantify the effects of CO 2 leakage from CCS on the nutritional indicators of leafy vegetables. The experiment included four replicates per treatment, consisting of a control group (CK) and a CO 2 leakage treatment group (1500 g·m -2 ·d -1 , G1500). Spinach yield and quality were assessed under elevated soil CO2 conditions, with emphasis on vitamin C, vitamin E, cellulose, and oxalate content. Results Prolonged exposure to high soil CO2 concentrations severely inhibited spinach growth, reducing leaf area, aboveground fresh weight, and root weight by 92.76%, 93.46%, and 95.83%, respectively. Chlorophyll b decreased by 35.48%, indicating impaired photosynthesis. Conversely, concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, and cellulose increased by 185.47%, 131.45%, and 315.03%, respectively, while oxalate content decreased by 43.08%. However, the severe biomass reduction led to an overall decline in total nutrient yield per plant. Discussion These findings demonstrate that soil CO 2 leakage markedly inhibits growth and reduces total nutrient yield in leafy crops, despite the relative enrichment of certain nutritional components. The results highlight critical challenges to agricultural productivity and food quality in regions affected by CO 2 leakage from CCS.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated soil CO2 reduced spinach leaf area by 92.76%.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- high soil CO2 concentrationse0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 92.76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prolonged exposure to high soil CO2 concentrations severely inhibited spinach growth, reducing leaf area, aboveground fresh weight, and root weight by 92.76%, 93.46%, and 95.83%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated soil CO2 reduced spinach aboveground fresh weight by 93.46%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- high soil CO2 concentrationse1
- Outcome
- aboveground fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 93.46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing leaf area, aboveground fresh weight, and root weight by 92.76%, 93.46%, and 95.83%, respectively.”
e1“Prolonged exposure to high soil CO2 concentrations severely inhibited spinach growth, reducing leaf area, aboveground fresh weight, and root weight by 92.76%, 93.46%, and 95.83%, respectively.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated soil CO2 reduced spinach root weight by 95.83%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- high soil CO2 concentrationse0
- Outcome
- root weighte0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 95.83%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prolonged exposure to high soil CO2 concentrations severely inhibited spinach growth, reducing leaf area, aboveground fresh weight, and root weight by 92.76%, 93.46%, and 95.83%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil CO2 exposure decreased spinach chlorophyll b by 35.48%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- elevated soil carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 35.48%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorophyll b decreased by 35.48%, indicating impaired photosynthesis.”
t0“Spinach yield and quality response to elevated soil carbon dioxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil CO2 exposure increased spinach vitamin C concentration by 185.47%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- elevated soil carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- concentrations of vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 185.47%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, and cellulose increased by 185.47%, 131.45%, and 315.03%, respectively, while oxalate content decreased by 43.08%.”
t0“Spinach yield and quality response to elevated soil carbon dioxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil CO2 exposure increased spinach vitamin E concentration by 131.45%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- elevated soil carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- vitamin Ee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 131.45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, and cellulose increased by 185.47%, 131.45%, and 315.03%, respectively”
t0“Spinach yield and quality response to elevated soil carbon dioxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil CO2 exposure increased spinach cellulose concentration by 315.03%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- elevated soil carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- cellulosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 315.03%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, and cellulose increased by 185.47%, 131.45%, and 315.03%, respectively”
t0“Spinach yield and quality response to elevated soil carbon dioxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil CO2 exposure decreased spinach oxalate content by 43.08%.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- elevated soil carbon dioxidet0
- Outcome
- oxalate contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 43.08%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while oxalate content decreased by 43.08%”
t0“Spinach yield and quality response to elevated soil carbon dioxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe biomass loss reduced total nutrient yield per spinach plant.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- total nutrient yield per plante0
- Direction
- declinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the severe biomass reduction led to an overall decline in total nutrient yield per plant”
t0“Spinach”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · physiology: pigments · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
co2 · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.