Abstract
Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytic fungi (DSEs) generally coexist in the roots of plants. However, our understanding of the effects of their coexistence on plant growth and stress resistance is limited. Methods: Cd stress were investigated. Results: Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves; promoted root GSH metabolism; increased the root GSH concentration and activity of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS), ATP sulfatase (ATPS) and sulfite reductase (SIR) by 215%, 117%, 50%, and 36%, respectively; and increased the concentration of endogenous hormones in roots, with increases in zeatin (ZR), indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) by 81%, 209%, and 72%, respectively. AMF inoculation, DSE inoculation and AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased maize biomass, and single inoculation with AMF or DSE increased the Cd concentration in roots by 104% or 120%, respectively. Moreover, significant or highly significant positive correlations were observed between the contents of ZR, IAA, and ABA and the activities of γ-GCS, ATPS, and SIR and the glutathione (GSH) content. There were significant or highly significant positive interactions between AMF and DSE on the Pn of leaves, root GSH metabolism, and endogenous hormone contents according to two-way analysis of variance. Therefore, the coexistence of AMF and DSE synergistically enhanced the Cd tolerance of maize.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate (Pn)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation promoted root GSH metabolism compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- roote2
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root GSH metabolisme2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e2“promoted root GSH metabolism”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation increased root GSH concentration by 215% compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- roote3
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Outcome
- root GSH concentratione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 215%e3
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e3“increased the root GSH concentration and activity of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS), ATP sulfatase (ATPS) and sulfite reductase (SIR) by 215%, 117%, 50%, and 36%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation increased root activity of γ-GCS by 117% compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- roote3
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Gene
- γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS)e3
- Outcome
- activity of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthasee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 117%e3
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e3“increased the root GSH concentration and activity of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS), ATP sulfatase (ATPS) and sulfite reductase (SIR) by 215%, 117%, 50%, and 36%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation increased root activity of ATP sulfatase by 50% compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- roote3
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Gene
- ATP sulfatase (ATPS)e3
- Outcome
- activitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 50%e3
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e3“increased the root GSH concentration and activity of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS), ATP sulfatase (ATPS) and sulfite reductase (SIR) by 215%, 117%, 50%, and 36%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation increased root activity of sulfite reductase by 36% compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- roote3
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Gene
- sulfite reductase (SIR)e3
- Outcome
- activitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 36%e3
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e3“increased the root GSH concentration and activity of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS), ATP sulfatase (ATPS) and sulfite reductase (SIR) by 215%, 117%, 50%, and 36%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation increased root zeatin (ZR) concentration by 81% compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Outcome
- zeatin (ZR)e4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Value
- 81%e4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e4“increased the concentration of endogenous hormones in roots, with increases in zeatin (ZR), indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) by 81%, 209%, and 72%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation increased root indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) concentration by 209% compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Outcome
- indole-3 acetic acid (IAA)e4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Value
- 209%e4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e4“increased the concentration of endogenous hormones in roots, with increases in zeatin (ZR), indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) by 81%, 209%, and 72%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation increased root abscisic acid (ABA) concentration by 72% compared with non-inoculation.
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe1symbiont
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA)e4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Value
- 72%e4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e4“increased the concentration of endogenous hormones in roots, with increases in zeatin (ZR), indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) by 81%, 209%, and 72%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly increased maize biomass compared with non-inoculation.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- maize biomasse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e5“AMF inoculation, DSE inoculation and AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased maize biomass”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
DSE inoculation significantly increased maize biomass compared with non-inoculation.
- Treatment
- DSE inoculatione5
- Interactor
- DSEe5symbiont
- Outcome
- maize biomasse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e5“AMF inoculation, DSE inoculation and AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased maize biomass”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased maize biomass compared with non-inoculation.
- Treatment
- AMF+DSE co-inoculatione5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe5symbiont
- Outcome
- maize biomasse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e5“AMF inoculation, DSE inoculation and AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased maize biomass”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Single inoculation with AMF increased Cd concentration in maize roots by 104%.
- Organ / stage
- rootse6
- Treatment
- single inoculation with AMF or DSEe6
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in rootse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 104%e6
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e6“single inoculation with AMF or DSE increased the Cd concentration in roots by 104% or 120%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Single inoculation with DSE increased Cd concentration in maize roots by 120%.
- Organ / stage
- rootse6
- Treatment
- single inoculation with AMF or DSEe6
- Interactor
- DSEe6symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in rootse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 120%e6
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
e6“single inoculation with AMF or DSE increased the Cd concentration in roots by 104% or 120%, respectively”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Contents of ZR, IAA and ABA were positively and significantly correlated with the activities of γ-GCS, ATPS and SIR and with GSH content.
- Gene
- γ-GCS, ATPS, and SIRe7
- Compound
- ZR, IAA, and ABAe7
- Outcome
- glutathione (GSH) contente7
- Direction
- positivee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“significant or highly significant positive correlations were observed between the contents of ZR, IAA, and ABA and the activities of γ-GCS, ATPS, and SIR and the glutathione (GSH) content”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and DSE interacted positively and significantly on Pn of leaves, root GSH metabolism and endogenous hormone contents.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- interactions between AMF and DSE on the Pn of leavese0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant or highly significant positive interactions between AMF and DSE on the Pn of leaves, root GSH metabolism, and endogenous hormone contents”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Coexistence of AMF and DSE synergistically enhanced Cd tolerance of maize.
- Treatment
- the coexistence of AMF and DSEe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- synergisticallye0
- Comparator
- non-inoculation treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coexistence of AMF and DSE synergistically enhanced the Cd tolerance of maize”
e1“Compared with that after the non-inoculation treatment, AMF+DSE co-inoculation significantly increased the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of maize leaves”
t1“cadmium tolerance of maize”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.