Abstract
Host jumps are a major factor for the emergence of new fungal pathogens. In the evolution of smut fungi, a putative host jump occurred in Sporisorium reilianum that today exists in two host-adapted formae speciales, the sorghum-pathogenic S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum and maize-pathogenic S. reilianum f. sp. zeae. To understand the molecular host-specific adaptation to maize, we compared the transcriptomes of maize leaves colonized by both formae speciales. We found that both varieties induce many common defense response-associated genes, indicating that both are recognized by the plant as pathogens. S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum additionally induced genes involved in systemic acquired resistance. In contrast, only S. reilianum f. sp. zeae induced expression of chorismate mutases that function in reducing the level of precursors for generation of the defense compound salicylic acid (SA), as well as oxylipin biosynthesis enzymes necessary for generation of the SA antagonist jasmonic acid (JA). In accordance, we found reduced SA levels as well as elevated JA and JA-Ile levels in maize leaves inoculated with the maize-adapted variety. These findings support a model of the emergence of the maize-pathogenic variety from a sorghum-specific ancestor following a recent host jump.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Both fungal varieties induced common defense response genes in maize.
- Treatment
- both varietiese0
- Interactor
- Sporisorium reilianumSporisorium reilianume1pathogen
- Outcome
- defense response-associated genese0
- Direction
- inducee0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that both varieties induce many common defense response-associated genes, indicating that both are recognized by the plant as pathogens.”
t0“Maize”
e1“Sporisorium reilianum that today exists in two host-adapted formae speciales”
Claim · model-written summary
S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum induced systemic acquired resistance genes.
- Treatment
- S. reilianum f. sp. reilianume0
- Interactor
- S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum
Sporisorium reilianum f. sp. reilianume0pathogen - Outcome
- genes involved in systemic acquired resistancee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum additionally induced genes involved in systemic acquired resistance”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Only S. reilianum f. sp. zeae induced chorismate mutase expression.
- Treatment
- S. reilianum f. sp. zeaee0
- Interactor
- S. reilianum f. sp. zeaeSporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeaee0pathogen
- Gene
- chorismate mutasese0
- Outcome
- expression of chorismate mutasese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only S. reilianum f. sp. zeae induced expression of chorismate mutases”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Only S. reilianum f. sp. zeae induced oxylipin biosynthesis enzyme expression.
- Treatment
- S. reilianum f. sp. zeaee0
- Interactor
- S. reilianum f. sp. zeaeSporisorium reilianum f. sp. zeaee0pathogen
- Gene
- oxylipin biosynthesis enzymese0
- Outcome
- oxylipin biosynthesis enzymese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only S. reilianum f. sp. zeae induced expression of chorismate mutases that function in reducing the level of precursors for generation of the defense compound salicylic acid (SA), as well as oxylipin biosynthesis enzymes necessary for generation of the SA antagonist jasmonic acid (JA)”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize-adapted fungus inoculation reduced salicylic acid levels in maize leaves.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculated with the maize-adapted varietye0
- Interactor
- maize-adapted varietye0pathogen
- Outcome
- SA levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found reduced SA levels as well as elevated JA and JA-Ile levels in maize leaves inoculated with the maize-adapted variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize-adapted fungus inoculation elevated JA levels in maize leaves.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculated with the maize-adapted varietye0
- Interactor
- maize-adapted varietye0pathogen
- Outcome
- JAe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found reduced SA levels as well as elevated JA and JA-Ile levels in maize leaves inoculated with the maize-adapted variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize-adapted fungus inoculation elevated JA-Ile levels in maize leaves.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculated with the maize-adapted varietye0
- Interactor
- maize-adapted varietye0pathogen
- Outcome
- JA-Ile levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found reduced SA levels as well as elevated JA and JA-Ile levels in maize leaves inoculated with the maize-adapted variety”
Claim · model-written summary
The findings support recent emergence of the maize pathogen from a sorghum-specific ancestor through host jump.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings support a model of the emergence of the maize-pathogenic variety from a sorghum-specific ancestor following a recent host jump”
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