Abstract
Biological control of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus in maize through competitive displacement by non-aflatoxigenic strains was evaluated in a series of field studies. Four sets of experiments were conducted between 2007 and 2009 to assess the competitiveness of non-aflatoxigenic strains when challenged against toxigenic strains using a pin-bar inoculation technique. In three sets of experiments the non-aflatoxigenic strain K49 effectively displaced toxigenic strains at various concentrations or combinations. The fourth study compared the relative competitiveness of three non-aflatoxigenic strains (K49, NRRL 21882 from Afla-Guard®, and AF36) when challenged on maize against two aflatoxin- and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-producing strains (K54 and F3W4). These studies indicate that K49 and NRRL 21882 are superior to AF36 in reducing total aflatoxin contamination. Neither K49 nor NRRL 21882 produce CPA and when challenged with K54 and F3W4, CPA and aflatoxins were reduced by 84-97% and 83-98%, respectively. In contrast, AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 20% with F3W4 and 93% with K54 and showed no reduction in CPA with F3W4 and only a 62% reduction in CPA with K54. Because AF36 produces CPA, high levels of CPA accumulate when maize is inoculated with AF36 alone or in combination with F3W4 or K54. These results indicate that K49 may be equally effective as NRRL 21882 in reducing both aflatoxins and CPA in maize.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
K49 displaced toxigenic strains in three experiments.
- Treatment
- non-aflatoxigenic strain K49e0
- Interactor
- toxigenic strainse0pathogen
- Outcome
- displaced toxigenic strainse0
- Comparator
- toxigenic strainse0
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the non-aflatoxigenic strain K49 effectively displaced toxigenic strains at various concentrations or combinations”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
K49 and NRRL 21882 reduced total aflatoxin contamination more than AF36.
- Treatment
- K49 and NRRL 21882e0
- Outcome
- total aflatoxin contaminatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- AF36e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K49 and NRRL 21882 are superior to AF36 in reducing total aflatoxin contamination”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
K49 and NRRL 21882 reduced CPA by 84-97% when challenged with K54 and F3W4.
- Treatment
- K49 nor NRRL 21882e0
- Interactor
- K54 and F3W4e0pathogen
- Outcome
- CPAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 84-97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither K49 nor NRRL 21882 produce CPA and when challenged with K54 and F3W4, CPA and aflatoxins were reduced by 84-97% and 83-98%, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
K49 and NRRL 21882 reduced aflatoxins by 83-98%.
- Treatment
- K49 nor NRRL 21882e0
- Interactor
- K54 and F3W4e0pathogen
- Outcome
- aflatoxinse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 83-98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither K49 nor NRRL 21882 produce CPA and when challenged with K54 and F3W4, CPA and aflatoxins were reduced by 84-97% and 83-98%, respectively”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 20% with F3W4.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 20% with F3W4 and 93% with K54”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 93% with K54.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 20% with F3W4 and 93% with K54”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 did not reduce CPA with F3W4.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 20% with F3W4 and 93% with K54 and showed no reduction in CPA with F3W4 and only a 62% reduction in CPA with K54”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 reduced CPA by 62% with K54.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AF36 reduced aflatoxins by 20% with F3W4 and 93% with K54 and showed no reduction in CPA with F3W4 and only a 62% reduction in CPA with K54”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AF36 inoculation yielded high CPA levels alone or with F3W4 or K54.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high levels of CPA accumulate when maize is inoculated with AF36 alone or in combination with F3W4 or K54”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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See all 129 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.