Abstract
The application of proline as foliar spraying has emerged as a promising solution to combat lead-induced crop stress. This study highlights the effectiveness of external proline in enhancing wheat crop health under lead stress. We reveal how lead stress negatively impacts key factors like biomass, chlorophyll levels, and crop yield, particularly in 100-grain weight. Gas exchange parameters, including stomatal conductance, CO 2 levels, photosynthesis, water-use efficiency, and transpiration, also suffer under lead stress. Significantly, exposure to lead stress triggers the activation of antioxidant enzymes and elevates levels of proline, calcium, and protein. Nonetheless, the application of foliar proline proves highly effective in alleviating these detrimental effects by reducing reactive oxygen species and enhancing proline and protein levels in wheat. Additionally, our findings demonstrate a significant upregulation of TaGSK1 gene expression at different proline concentrations. Compared to controls, TaGSK1 expression increases by 1.7-fold under 50 mM proline stress and an impressive 4.7-fold under 200 mM proline stress in wheat. This finding holds promise in alleviating the adverse effects of lead stress and strengthening crop resilience for a more secure and sustainable future in wheat cultivation amid various stressors.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress reduced biomass, chlorophyll and 100-grain weight.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- lead stresse0
- Outcome
- biomass, chlorophyll levels, and crop yielde0
- Direction
- negatively impactse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lead stress negatively impacts key factors like biomass, chlorophyll levels, and crop yield, particularly in 100-grain weight”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gas exchange parameters suffered under lead stress.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lead stresse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, CO 2 levels, photosynthesise0
- Direction
- suffere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gas exchange parameters, including stomatal conductance, CO 2 levels, photosynthesis, water-use efficiency, and transpiration, also suffer under lead stress”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress activated antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lead stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to lead stress triggers the activation of antioxidant enzymes and elevates levels of proline, calcium, and protein”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress elevated proline, calcium and protein levels.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lead stresse0
- Outcome
- levels of proline, calcium, and proteine0
- Direction
- elevatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to lead stress triggers the activation of antioxidant enzymes and elevates levels of proline, calcium, and protein”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline reduced reactive oxygen species in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar prolinee0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of foliar proline proves highly effective in alleviating these detrimental effects by reducing reactive oxygen species and enhancing proline and protein levels in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar proline enhanced wheat proline and protein levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- foliar prolinee0
- Outcome
- proline and protein levelse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of foliar proline proves highly effective in alleviating these detrimental effects by reducing reactive oxygen species and enhancing proline and protein levels in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50 mM proline, TaGSK1 expression was 1.7-fold above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 50 mM proline stresse0
- Gene
- TaGSK1e0
- Outcome
- TaGSK1 expressione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 1.7-folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to controls, TaGSK1 expression increases by 1.7-fold under 50 mM proline stress and an impressive 4.7-fold under 200 mM proline stress in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM proline, TaGSK1 expression was 4.7-fold above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 200 mM proline stresse0
- Gene
- TaGSK1e0
- Outcome
- TaGSK1 expressione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 4.7-folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to controls, TaGSK1 expression increases by 1.7-fold under 50 mM proline stress and an impressive 4.7-fold under 200 mM proline stress in wheat”
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