Abstract
Heavy metal stress is a significant factor in diminishing crop yield. Plant-derived smoke (PDS) has been used as a growth promoter and abiotic stress alleviator for the last two decades. Although the roles of PDS have been determined in various plants, its role in ameliorating heavy metal stress in wheat has not been reported so far. Therefore, the present work was conducted to investigate the effect of smoke solution extracted from a wild lemongrass Cymbopogon jwarancusa (C. jwarncusa) on physiological and biochemical features of wheat under arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) stress. The results showed that higher concentrations of As and Hg pose inhibitory effects on wheat seed germination and seedling growth, including shoot/root length and shoot/root fresh weight. Photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, were significantly decreased under As and Hg stress. Importantly, the levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and TBARS were increased in wheat seedlings. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, was decreased by As and Hg stress, while the levels of SOD, POD, and APX antioxidant enzymes were increased in root and shoot. Interestingly, the application of PDS (2000 ppm), individually or in combination with either As or Hg stress, enhanced wheat seed germination rate, shoot/root length, and shoot/root fresh weight. However, the levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and TBARS were decreased. Similarly, the levels of SOD, POD, and APX were decreased by PDS under As and Hg stress, while the level of CAT was enhanced by PDS under As and Hg stress. Interestingly, the levels of chlorophyll a and b, and total carotenoids were increased with the application of PDS under As and Hg stress. It is concluded that PDS has the capability to alleviate the phytotoxic effects of As and Hg stress in wheat by modulating the antioxidative defense system and could be an economical solution to reduce the heavy metal stress in crops.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Higher arsenic and mercury concentrations inhibited wheat seed germination.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- higher concentrations of As and Hge0
- Outcome
- wheat seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitory effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher concentrations of As and Hg pose inhibitory effects on wheat seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher arsenic and mercury concentrations inhibited wheat seedling shoot and root length and fresh weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- higher concentrations of As and Hge0
- Outcome
- shoot/root length and shoot/root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- inhibitory effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher concentrations of As and Hg pose inhibitory effects on wheat seed germination and seedling growth, including shoot/root length and shoot/root fresh weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic and mercury stress significantly reduced wheat chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- As and Hg stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, were significantly decreased under As and Hg stress.”
t0“in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic and mercury stress increased wheat seedling H2O2, lipid peroxidation and TBARS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and TBARSe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and TBARS were increased in wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic and mercury stress reduced CAT activity in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- As and Hg stresse0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as CATe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, was decreased by As and Hg stress”
t0“in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic and mercury stress increased SOD, POD and APX levels in wheat roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote0
- Outcome
- levels of SOD, POD, and APX antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of SOD, POD, and APX antioxidant enzymes were increased in root and shoot”
t0“in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke solution at 2000 ppm enhanced wheat germination with or without arsenic or mercury stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PDS (2000 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- wheat seed germination ratee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of PDS (2000 ppm), individually or in combination with either As or Hg stress, enhanced wheat seed germination rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke solution at 2000 ppm enhanced wheat shoot and root length and fresh weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- PDS (2000 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- shoot/root length, and shoot/root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of PDS (2000 ppm), individually or in combination with either As or Hg stress, enhanced wheat seed germination rate, shoot/root length, and shoot/root fresh weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke solution decreased wheat H2O2, lipid peroxidation and TBARS.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and TBARSe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and TBARS were decreased”
t0“in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke solution reduced SOD, POD and APX levels in wheat under arsenic and mercury stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PDS under As and Hg stresse0
- Outcome
- levels of SOD, POD, and APXe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of SOD, POD, and APX were decreased by PDS under As and Hg stress”
t0“in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke solution increased CAT in wheat under arsenic and mercury stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PDS under As and Hg stresse0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- level of CATe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of CAT was enhanced by PDS under As and Hg stress”
t0“in Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke solution increased wheat chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids under arsenic and mercury stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of PDS under As and Hg stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b, and total carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of chlorophyll a and b, and total carotenoids were increased with the application of PDS under As and Hg stress”
t0“in Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
mercury atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →arsenic atom · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →mercury atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
arsenic atom · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
mercury atom · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
arsenic atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heavy metal · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →heavy metal · physiology: pigments · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 24 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
23 papers more in this group
See all 27 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.