Abstract
This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased Ci especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and CE under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon increased wheat leaf relative water content.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- foliar application of silicone0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon increased photosynthetic pigments in all wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of silicone0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon increased wheat chlorophyll stability index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of silicone0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll stability index (CSI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar silicon increased wheat membrane stability index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of silicone0
- Outcome
- membrane stability index (MSI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
These silicon improvements were stronger under drought than under non-stress conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar application of silicone1
- Outcome
- improvemente0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- non-stress conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition”
e1“foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased leaf water content, pigments, and chlorophyll and membrane stability indices.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI)e1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these parameters decreased under drought stress”
e1“leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI)”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon significantly decreased electrolyte leakage under drought in all four wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under drought stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci) increased under drought stress”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, especially under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- Cie0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- especially under drought stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si application decreased Ci especially under drought stress conditions”
e1“intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci)”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly decreased wheat net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought conditionse0
- Outcome
- Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) were significantly decreased under drought conditions”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought, silicon-treated wheat had significantly higher photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Si appliede0
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- Under droughte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought decreased intrinsic water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (CE)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon-treated plants had greater intrinsic water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- silicon-appliede0
- Outcome
- WUEi and CEe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and CE under drought stress”
e1“Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (CE)”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress increased stomatal limitation relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- stomatal limitatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control”
t0“wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon decreased stomatal limitation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Exogenously applied silicone0
- Outcome
- stomatal limitatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation”
t0“wheat cultivars”
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See all 72 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.