Abstract
We conducted a study to evaluate the interactive effect of NO and H 2 S on the cadmium (Cd) tolerance of wheat. Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively, but significantly enhanced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA), endogenous H 2 S and NO, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%, Fv/Fm ratio by 19.7 and 15.2%, respectively, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but lowered oxidative stress and proline content in Cd‐stressed wheat plants. NaHS and SNP also considerably limited both the uptake and translocation of Cd, thereby improving the levels of some key mineral nutrients in the plants. Enhanced levels of NO and H 2 S induced by NaHS were reversed by hypotuarine application, but they were substantially reduced almost to 50% by cPTIO (a NO scavenger) application. Hypotuarine was not effective, but cPTIO was highly effective in reducing the levels of NO and H 2 S produced by SNP in the roots of Cd‐stressed plants. The results showed that interactive effect of NO and H 2 S can considerably improve plant resistance against Cd toxicity by reducing oxidative stress and uptake of Cd in plants as well as by enhancing antioxidative defence system and uptake of some essential mineral nutrients.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced wheat total dry weight by 36.7%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 36.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced wheat chlorophyll a by 48.6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 48.6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced wheat chlorophyll b by 26.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced wheat Fv/Fm by 19.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- ratio of Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress enhanced wheat peroxide, MDA, endogenous H2S and NO levels and antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse1
- Outcome
- levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA), endogenous H 2 S and NO, and the activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly enhanced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA), endogenous H 2 S and NO, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“wheat plants”
e1“Cadmium stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP enhanced dry matter of cadmium-stressed wheat by 47.8%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- total plant dry mattere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 47.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS enhanced dry matter of cadmium-stressed wheat by 39.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)e0
- Outcome
- total plant dry mattere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 39.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP enhanced wheat chlorophyll a by 92.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 92.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS enhanced wheat chlorophyll a by 61.5%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 61.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP enhanced wheat chlorophyll b by 29.1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll b contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 29.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS enhanced wheat chlorophyll b by 27.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll b contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 27.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP enhanced wheat Fv/Fm by 19.7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%, Fv/Fm ratio by 19.7 and 15.2%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS enhanced wheat Fv/Fm by 15.2%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)e0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fm ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%, Fv/Fm ratio by 19.7 and 15.2%”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced oxidative stress and proline in cadmium-stressed wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprusside (SNP)e0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%, Fv/Fm ratio by 19.7 and 15.2%, respectively, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but lowered oxidative stress and proline content in Cd‐stressed wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced oxidative stress and proline in cadmium-stressed wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS)e0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress and proline contente0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H 2 S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%, Fv/Fm ratio by 19.7 and 15.2%, respectively, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but lowered oxidative stress and proline content in Cd‐stressed wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS and SNP limited cadmium uptake and translocation, improving key mineral nutrient levels in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NaHS and SNPe0
- Outcome
- uptake and translocation of Cde0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaHS and SNP also considerably limited both the uptake and translocation of Cd, thereby improving the levels of some key mineral nutrients in the plants”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotuarine reversed NaHS-induced NO and H2S increases in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hypotuarine applicatione0
- Outcome
- levels of NO and H 2 Se0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced levels of NO and H 2 S induced by NaHS were reversed by hypotuarine application”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO reduced NaHS-induced NO and H2S levels by almost 50% in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cPTIO (a NO scavenger) applicatione0
- Outcome
- theye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- almost to 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they were substantially reduced almost to 50% by cPTIO (a NO scavenger) application”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypotuarine did not effectively reduce SNP-produced NO and H2S in cadmium-stressed wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Hypotuarinee0
- Outcome
- levels of NO and H 2 Se0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypotuarine was not effective, but cPTIO was highly effective in reducing the levels of NO and H 2 S produced by SNP in the roots of Cd‐stressed plants”
t0“wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
cPTIO effectively reduced SNP-produced NO and H2S in cadmium-stressed wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cPTIOe0
- Outcome
- levels of NO and H 2 Se0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypotuarine was not effective, but cPTIO was highly effective in reducing the levels of NO and H 2 S produced by SNP in the roots of Cd‐stressed plants”
t0“wheat plants”
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8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.