Abstract
Conservation agriculture (CA) based intensification of maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Fiori and Paol) system through inclusion of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) during summer may improve productivity and promote sustainability. However, weeds are the major biotic constraint that limit productivity of short-duration greengram severely, if not controlled timely. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during 2018-19 and 2019-20 to evaluate the residual effects of nitrogen (N) applied to the preceding crops, and the concurrent effects of tillage, residue and herbicide on weeds and greengram productivity and profitability under a maize-wheat-greengram cropping system. Four main plot treatments comprised of three zero-till (ZT) flat-bed with retention of residues (R) of greengram (in maize), maize (in wheat) and wheat (in greengram) and 50, 75 and 100% N of the recommended 150 and 120 kg N/ha applied to maize and wheat, respectively (~ZT+R+50N, ZT+R+75N, ZT+R+100N), and a conventional tillage (CT) with incorporation of these three crops residue and 100% of the recommended N to the preceding crops (~CT+R+100N). The sub-plot treatments were: ready-mix Na-acifluorfen (16.5%) + clodinafop-propargyl (8%) at 245 (165+80) g/ha applied post-emergence (PoE), pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha pre-emergence (PE) followed by (fb) imazethapyr at 75 g/ha PoE, pendimethalin at 1000 g/ha PE fb spot hand weeding (HW) at 25 days after sowing (DAS), and unweeded control (UWC). Results indicated that ZT with residue retention (ZT+R), irrespective of previous season N applications led to significant reduction in weed interference compared to CT+R+100N and gave better greengram plant growth, rhizobial symbiosis, yields and profitability over CT+R+100N. Among weed management treatments, sequential application of pendimethalin fb imazethapyr was comparable with ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl, but led to better weed suppression, and higher greengram growth, yields and net income. Thus, summer greengram in a CA based maize-wheat system with appropriate weed control employing herbicides may be a promising strategy for sustainable crop intensification in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage with residue retention significantly reduced weed interference in greengram compared with conventional tillage with residue incorporation and 100% N, irrespective of previous-season N.
- Taxon
- greengram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatat0 - Treatment
- ZT with residue retention (ZT+R)e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed interferencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- CT+R+100Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“ZT with residue retention (ZT+R), irrespective of previous season N applications led to significant reduction in weed interference compared to CT+R+100N”
t0“greengram productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage with residue retention gave better greengram plant growth and rhizobial symbiosis than conventional tillage with residue incorporation and 100% N.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- ZT with residue retention (ZT+R)e0
- Interactor
- rhizobiale0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth, rhizobial symbiosise0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- CT+R+100Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZT with residue retention (ZT+R), irrespective of previous season N applications led to significant reduction in weed interference compared to CT+R+100N and gave better greengram plant growth, rhizobial symbiosis, yields and profitability over CT+R+100N”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage with residue retention gave better greengram yields and profitability than conventional tillage with residue incorporation and 100% N.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- ZT with residue retention (ZT+R)e0
- Outcome
- yields and profitabilitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- CT+R+100Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZT with residue retention (ZT+R), irrespective of previous season N applications led to significant reduction in weed interference compared to CT+R+100N and gave better greengram plant growth, rhizobial symbiosis, yields and profitability over CT+R+100N”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pendimethalin followed by imazethapyr was comparable with the ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl among weed management treatments in greengram.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- sequential application of pendimethalin fb imazethapyre0
- Outcome
- comparablee0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sequential application of pendimethalin fb imazethapyr was comparable with ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl”
t0“greengram productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pendimethalin followed by imazethapyr gave better weed suppression than the ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- sequential application of pendimethalin fb imazethapyre0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sequential application of pendimethalin fb imazethapyr was comparable with ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl, but led to better weed suppression, and higher greengram growth, yields and net income”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pendimethalin followed by imazethapyr gave higher greengram growth, yields and net income than the ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- sequential application of pendimethalin fb imazethapyre0
- Outcome
- growth, yields and net incomee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sequential application of pendimethalin fb imazethapyr was comparable with ready-mix Na-acifluorfen + clodinafop-propargyl, but led to better weed suppression, and higher greengram growth, yields and net income”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that summer greengram in a CA-based maize-wheat system with appropriate herbicide weed control may be a promising strategy for sustainable crop intensification.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Outcome
- promising strategy for sustainable crop intensificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“summer greengram in a CA based maize-wheat system with appropriate weed control employing herbicides may be a promising strategy for sustainable crop intensification”
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See all 81 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.