Abstract
Abstract The investigation was placed in the Al-Ghamij region, which is located north of Basrah in Iraq, in silty-clay soil. Three tillage systems were used in the study: conventional tillage with a moldboard plow, reduced-tillage with a disc harrow, and the no-till system. Additionally, three herbicides were used: Chevalier (300 g ha -1 ), Granstar (15-20 g ha -1 ), and Topic (0.75 l ha -1 ) to control weed growth. According to the RCBD design, using split plots, with the main plots devoted to tillage techniques and the split plots to herbicide. The results showed the significant superiority of the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow, with the fewest weeds per square meter, the fewest weeds dry weight per square meter, the tallest plants, the most tillers per square meter, the most spikes per square meter, the most grain yield, and the most biological yield totaling (48.7 plants m -2 , 3.82g m -2 , 81.67 cm, 370.78 tiller m -2 , 344.4 spike m -2 ,4519.00 kg ha -1 , and 10340.00 kg ha -1 ), compared to no-till and reduced-tillage methods, conventional tillage using a moldboard plow resulted in the highest number of weeds, the highest dry weight of the weeds, the shortest plant, the fewest tillers per square meter, the fewest spikes per square meter, the smallest grain and biological yield (105.3 plants m -2 , 10.20 g m -2 , 78.33 cm, 310.22 tiller m -2 , 264.9 spike m -2 , 3296.00 kg ha -1 , and 9985.00 kg ha -1 ). The results of the study demonstrated the significant superiority of the Chevalier herbicide as it exhibited lower dry weight of weeds per square meter, the highest plant, more tillers and spikes per square meter, and the highest biological yield (4.49 g m -2 , 82.33 cm, 347.89 tiller m -2 , 309.7 spike m -2 and 10301.00 kg ha -1 ) respectively,. On the other hand, the Topic herbicide displayed the highest weeds dry weight, shortest plants, the lowest number of tillers and spikes, and the lowest biological yield (8.87 g m -2 , 78.00 cm, 326.11 tiller m -2 , 297.7 spike m -2 and 10023.00 kg ha -1 ).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage with a disc harrow gave the fewest weeds per square meter (48.7 plants m-2).
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrowe0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- weeds per square metere1
- Direction
- feweste1
- Value
- 48.7 plants m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow”
e1“the fewest weeds per square meter”
e2“48.7 plants m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage with a disc harrow gave the lowest weed dry weight per square meter (3.82 g m-2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrowe0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- weeds dry weight per square metere1
- Direction
- feweste1
- Value
- 3.82g m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow”
e1“the fewest weeds dry weight per square meter”
e2“3.82g m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage with a disc harrow gave the tallest wheat plants (81.67 cm).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrowe0
- Outcome
- plantse1
- Direction
- talleste1
- Value
- 81.67 cme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow”
e1“the tallest plants”
e2“81.67 cm”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage with a disc harrow gave the most tillers (370.78 per m2) and spikes (344.4 per m2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrowe0
- Outcome
- tillers per square meter, the most spikes per square metere1
- Direction
- moste1
- Value
- 370.78 tiller m -2 , 344.4 spike m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow”
e1“the most tillers per square meter, the most spikes per square meter”
e2“370.78 tiller m -2 , 344.4 spike m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage with a disc harrow gave the highest grain yield (4519.00 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrowe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- moste1
- Value
- 4519.00 kg ha -1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow”
e1“the most grain yield”
e2“4519.00 kg ha -1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage with a disc harrow gave the highest biological yield (10340.00 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrowe0
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- moste1
- Value
- 10340.00 kg ha -1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced-tillage system by the disc harrow”
e1“the most biological yield”
e2“10340.00 kg ha -1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional moldboard-plow tillage gave the highest number of weeds (105.3 plants m-2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conventional tillage using a moldboard plowe0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- number of weedse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 105.3 plants m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tillage using a moldboard plow”
e1“the highest number of weeds”
e2“105.3 plants m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional moldboard-plow tillage gave the highest weed dry weight (10.20 g m-2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conventional tillage using a moldboard plowe0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of the weedse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 10.20 g m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tillage using a moldboard plow”
e1“the highest dry weight of the weeds”
e2“10.20 g m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional moldboard-plow tillage gave the shortest wheat plants (78.33 cm).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conventional tillage using a moldboard plowe0
- Outcome
- plante1
- Direction
- shorteste1
- Value
- 78.33 cme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tillage using a moldboard plow”
e1“the shortest plant”
e2“78.33 cm”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional moldboard-plow tillage gave the fewest tillers (310.22 per m2) and spikes (264.9 per m2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conventional tillage using a moldboard plowe0
- Outcome
- tillers per square meter, the fewest spikes per square metere1
- Direction
- feweste1
- Value
- 310.22 tiller m -2 , 264.9 spike m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tillage using a moldboard plow”
e1“the fewest tillers per square meter, the fewest spikes per square meter”
e2“310.22 tiller m -2 , 264.9 spike m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional moldboard-plow tillage gave the smallest grain yield (3296.00 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conventional tillage using a moldboard plowe0
- Outcome
- graine1
- Direction
- smalleste1
- Value
- 3296.00 kg ha -1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tillage using a moldboard plow”
e1“the smallest grain and biological yield”
e2“3296.00 kg ha -1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional moldboard-plow tillage gave the smallest biological yield (9985.00 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conventional tillage using a moldboard plowe0
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- smalleste1
- Value
- 9985.00 kg ha -1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional tillage using a moldboard plow”
e1“the smallest grain and biological yield”
e2“9985.00 kg ha -1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Chevalier herbicide gave lower weed dry weight (4.49 g m-2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Chevalier herbicidee0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of weeds per square metere1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 4.49 g m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Chevalier herbicide”
e1“lower dry weight of weeds per square meter”
e2“4.49 g m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Chevalier herbicide gave the tallest wheat plants (82.33 cm).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Chevalier herbicidee0
- Outcome
- plante1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 82.33 cme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Chevalier herbicide”
e1“the highest plant”
e2“82.33 cm”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Chevalier herbicide gave more tillers (347.89 per m2) and spikes (309.7 per m2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Chevalier herbicidee0
- Outcome
- tillers and spikes per square metere1
- Direction
- moree1
- Value
- 347.89 tiller m -2 , 309.7 spike m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Chevalier herbicide”
e1“more tillers and spikes per square meter”
e2“347.89 tiller m -2 , 309.7 spike m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Chevalier herbicide gave the highest biological yield (10301.00 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Chevalier herbicidee0
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 10301.00 kg ha -1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Chevalier herbicide”
e1“the highest biological yield”
e2“10301.00 kg ha -1”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Topic herbicide gave the highest weed dry weight (8.87 g m-2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Topic herbicidee0
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- weeds dry weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 8.87 g m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Topic herbicide”
e1“the highest weeds dry weight”
e2“8.87 g m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Topic herbicide gave the shortest wheat plants (78.00 cm).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Topic herbicidee0
- Outcome
- plantse1
- Direction
- shorteste1
- Value
- 78.00 cme2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Topic herbicide”
e1“shortest plants”
e2“78.00 cm”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Topic herbicide gave the lowest numbers of tillers (326.11 per m2) and spikes (297.7 per m2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Topic herbicidee0
- Outcome
- number of tillers and spikese1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 326.11 tiller m -2 , 297.7 spike m -2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Topic herbicide”
e1“the lowest number of tillers and spikes”
e2“326.11 tiller m -2 , 297.7 spike m -2”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Topic herbicide gave the lowest biological yield (10023.00 kg ha-1).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the Topic herbicidee0
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 10023.00 kg ha -1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Topic herbicide”
e1“the lowest biological yield”
e2“10023.00 kg ha -1”
t0“Wheat”
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See all 563 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.