Abstract
Abstract Wheat planting after cotton is usually delayed due to late cotton picking and time necessary for seedbed preparation, resulting in low wheat yield. Few farmers sow wheat through broadcasting in standing cotton for timely sowing except on a small scale. This methodology also has limitations of poor germination and low fertilizer use efficiency. To study feasibility of relay seeding of wheat in cotton, two prototypes of innovative relay seeders (RSs) (suitable for 67.5 and 101 cm row spacing) with three types of furrow openers: strip till rotor (STR), zero till inverted T-type (ZTT), and zero till double disc (ZTDD) were developed and evaluated for their performance under two cotton genotypes. The average forward speed of travel of ZTDD openers was 9.3% and 16.6% more compared with STR and ZTT openers, respectively. STR openers consumed more fuel (12.36 L ha-1) than ZTT (8.57 L ha-1) and ZTDD openers (9.15 L ha-1). The field capacity for 12- and 15-row RS was 0.22 and 0.25 ha h-1, respectively. The average power consumption for operating the three types of furrow openers was 6.4 and 8.4 hp for 12- and 15-row RS, respectively. Number of cotton bolls detached from plants due to operation of tractor-mounted RS was significantly lower in 101 cm cotton row spacing compared with 67.5 cm row spacing. Overall loss of cotton bolls due to the movement of tractor and RSs was under 2%. The average number of bolls detached from the plant was about 29% less for ZTDD furrow openers compared with STR and ZTT openers. Germination count of relay seeded wheat with STR and ZTDD furrow openers was 23% and 26% more compared with ZTT openers, respectively. The breakeven point for RS was achieved when total area sown annually exceeded 5 ha and wheat yield gain over the conventional practice is 0.5 t ha-1. This study demonstrates that seeding of wheat in standing cotton is feasible with 4-wheel high clearance tractor-driven innovative RS with cotton damage under 2%.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
ZTDD openers traveled 9.3% faster than STR openers.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- ZTDD openerse0
- Outcome
- average forward speed of travele0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 9.3%e0
- Comparator
- STRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
t1“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The average forward speed of travel of ZTDD openers was 9.3% and 16.6% more compared with STR and ZTT openers, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTDD openers traveled 16.6% faster than ZTT openers.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZTDD openerse0
- Outcome
- average forward speed of travele0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 16.6%e0
- Comparator
- ZTT openerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The average forward speed of travel of ZTDD openers was 9.3% and 16.6% more compared with STR and ZTT openers, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
STR openers consumed 12.36 L ha-1 fuel, more than the alternatives.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- STR openerse0
- Outcome
- fuele0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 12.36 L ha-1e0
- Comparator
- ZTTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“STR openers consumed more fuel (12.36 L ha-1) than ZTT (8.57 L ha-1) and ZTDD openers (9.15 L ha-1).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTT openers consumed 8.57 L ha-1 fuel.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZTTe0
- Outcome
- fuele0
- Value
- 8.57 L ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“STR openers consumed more fuel (12.36 L ha-1) than ZTT (8.57 L ha-1) and ZTDD openers (9.15 L ha-1).”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTDD openers consumed 9.15 L ha-1 fuel.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZTDD openerse0
- Outcome
- fuele0
- Value
- 9.15 L ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“STR openers consumed more fuel (12.36 L ha-1) than ZTT (8.57 L ha-1) and ZTDD openers (9.15 L ha-1).”
Claim · model-written summary
The 12-row relay seeder had 0.22 ha h-1 field capacity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 12-e0
- Outcome
- field capacitye0
- Value
- 0.22e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The field capacity for 12- and 15-row RS was 0.22 and 0.25 ha h-1, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The 15-row relay seeder had 0.25 ha h-1 field capacity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 15-row RSe0
- Outcome
- field capacitye0
- Value
- 0.25 ha h-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The field capacity for 12- and 15-row RS was 0.22 and 0.25 ha h-1, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Operating the 12-row seeder required 6.4 hp on average.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 12-e0
- Outcome
- average power consumptione0
- Value
- 6.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The average power consumption for operating the three types of furrow openers was 6.4 and 8.4 hp for 12- and 15-row RS, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Operating the 15-row seeder required 8.4 hp on average.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 15-row RSe0
- Outcome
- average power consumptione0
- Value
- 8.4 hpe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The average power consumption for operating the three types of furrow openers was 6.4 and 8.4 hp for 12- and 15-row RS, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton boll detachment was significantly lower with 101 cm than 67.5 cm row spacing.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt1 - Treatment
- 101 cm cotton row spacinge0
- Outcome
- Number of cotton bolls detachede0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- 67.5 cm row spacinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“Number of cotton bolls detached from plants due to operation of tractor-mounted RS was significantly lower in 101 cm cotton row spacing compared with 67.5 cm row spacing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tractor and seeder movement caused under 2% cotton boll loss.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt1
- Outcome
- Overall loss of cotton bollse0
- Value
- under 2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“Overall loss of cotton bolls due to the movement of tractor and RSs was under 2%.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTDD detached about 29% fewer cotton bolls than STR and ZTT.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt1
- Treatment
- ZTDD furrow openerse0
- Outcome
- number of bolls detachede0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- about 29%e0
- Comparator
- STR and ZTT openerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The average number of bolls detached from the plant was about 29% less for ZTDD furrow openers compared with STR and ZTT openers.”
Claim · model-written summary
STR relay seeding increased wheat germination count by 23% against ZTT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- STRe0
- Outcome
- Germination counte0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- ZTT openerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“Germination count of relay seeded wheat with STR and ZTDD furrow openers was 23% and 26% more compared with ZTT openers, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTDD relay seeding increased wheat germination count by 26% against ZTT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZTDD furrow openerse0
- Outcome
- Germination counte0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- ZTT openerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“Germination count of relay seeded wheat with STR and ZTDD furrow openers was 23% and 26% more compared with ZTT openers, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The relay seeder breaks even above 5 ha annual sowing with a wheat yield gain of 0.5 t ha-1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- breakeven point for RSe0
- Value
- 5 hae0
- Qualifier
- wheat yield gain over the conventional practice is 0.5 t ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“The breakeven point for RS was achieved when total area sown annually exceeded 5 ha and wheat yield gain over the conventional practice is 0.5 t ha-1.”
Claim · model-written summary
High clearance tractor relay seeding of wheat in standing cotton was judged feasible with cotton damage under 2%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cotton damagee0
- Value
- under 2%e0
- Qualifier
- feasiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
t1“Seeding Wheat into Standing Cotton”
e0“seeding of wheat in standing cotton is feasible with 4-wheel high clearance tractor-driven innovative RS with cotton damage under 2%.”
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