Abstract
Development of improved weed manage ment systems requires more knowledge on how various weed species respond to changing agronomic practices. A long-term study was conducted to determine weed population responses to various tillage intensities and crop rotations in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) dominated cropping system. Weed density and species composition differed with tillage, rotation, year, and date of sampling within years. Weed community dynamics were most affected by year-to-year differences in environmental conditions, followed by crop rotation, and then tillage intensity. Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau) and kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] densities increased in years of low rainfall and above average temperatures. Winter annual weeds such as downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and flixweed [Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl], as well as the perennial weed dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers), increased in years where higher than average rainfall was received in fall or early spring. Continuous winter wheat facilitated a dense downy brome infestation to develop over time. Trifluralin is not efficacious on stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) or Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] and its use in canola resulted in an increase in these species in a winter wheat-canola rotation. Total weed densities were often greater in zero tillage than in either minimum or conventional tillage. Russian thistle, downy brome, kochia, and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were associated with zero tillage while wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), flixweed, and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) were associated with conventional tillage. Perennials such as dandelion and perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) were associated with zero tillage but Canada thistle was associated with conventional tillage. Information will be utilized to implement more effective weed management programs in winter wheat production systems. Key words: Conservation tillage, fallow, multivariate analyses, weed populations, weed shifts, zero tillage
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Weed community dynamics were most affected by year-to-year environmental differences, then by crop rotation, then by tillage intensity
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- year-to-year differences in environmental conditionse1
- Outcome
- Weed community dynamicse1
- Direction
- most affectede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Weed community dynamics were most affected by year-to-year differences in environmental conditions, followed by crop rotation, and then tillage intensity”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed density and species composition differed with tillage, rotation, year and sampling date
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Weed density and species compositione2
- Qualifier
- differed with tillage, rotation, year, and date of samplinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Weed density and species composition differed with tillage, rotation, year, and date of sampling within years”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Russian thistle and kochia densities increased in years of low rainfall and above average temperatures
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Russian thistlee3
- Treatment
- years of low rainfall and above average temperaturese3
- Outcome
- densitiese3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau) and kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] densities increased in years of low rainfall and above average temperatures”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Downy brome and other winter annual and perennial weeds increased in years of higher than average fall or early spring rainfall
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- downy bromee4
- Treatment
- years where higher than average rainfall was received in fall or early springe4
- Outcome
- Winter annual weedse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Winter annual weeds such as downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) and flixweed [Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl], as well as the perennial weed dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers), increased in years where higher than average rainfall was received in fall or early spring”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin was not efficacious on stinkweed or Canada thistle
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.)e5
- Treatment
- Trifluraline5
- Outcome
- efficacious on stinkweede5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Trifluralin is not efficacious on stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) or Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] and its use in canola resulted in an increase in these species in a winter wheat-canola rotation”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin use in canola increased stinkweed and Canada thistle in a winter wheat-canola rotation
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- its use in canolae5
- Outcome
- these speciese5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Qualifier
- winter wheat-canola rotatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Trifluralin is not efficacious on stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) or Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] and its use in canola resulted in an increase in these species in a winter wheat-canola rotation”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Total weed densities were greater in zero tillage than in minimum or conventional tillage
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- zero tillagee6
- Outcome
- Total weed densitiese6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Comparator
- minimum or conventional tillagee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Total weed densities were often greater in zero tillage than in either minimum or conventional tillage”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Russian thistle, downy brome, kochia and redroot pigweed were associated with zero tillage
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Russian thistlee7
- Treatment
- zero tillagee7
- Outcome
- associated with zero tillagee7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Russian thistle, downy brome, kochia, and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) were associated with zero tillage”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Flixweed and wild mustard were associated with conventional tillage
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- wild mustarde5
- Treatment
- conventional tillagee5
- Outcome
- associated with conventional tillagee5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“flixweed, and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) were associated with conventional tillage”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Dandelion and perennial sowthistle were associated with zero tillage, while Canada thistle was associated with conventional tillage
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- dandelione4
- Treatment
- zero tillagee4
- Outcome
- associated with zero tillagee4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Perennials such as dandelion and perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) were associated with zero tillage but Canada thistle was associated with conventional tillage”
t0“winter wheat cropping system”
The same questions in other papers
trifluralin · organism · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
tillage · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
56 papers in the same direction as this paper · 126 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
179 papers more in this group
See all 183 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.