Abstract
Ridge-furrow film mulching (RFFM) and nitrogen (N) fertilization have been widely used in semi-arid regions, it is particularly important to clarify the mechanism of crop physiological indicators in response to RFFM. A two-year (2018 and 2019) field experiment was conducted on summer maize under RFFM (including biodegradable film mulching (B) and plastic film mulching (P)) at N fertilizer application rate of 0 (N0), 90 (N1), 180 (N2) and 270 (N3) kg N ha–1. The aims of this research were to 1) explore the effects of different film mulching and N application rates under RFFM on photosynthesis, water utilization, and yield; 2) identify key factors and their contribution to yield. The results showed that RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) (grain-filling stage), the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), energy transformation potential activities of PSII (Fv/Fo), the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qP), non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ), chlorophyll ab (Chl ab), evapotranspiration (ET) and yield, but decreased chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) and soil water storage (SWS). The maximum Pn, Tr, Gs, WUEi, Fv/Fm. Fv/Fo, ΦPSII, qP, and Chl ab (anthesis stage) all appeared in N2. At the same N application rate, the positive effects on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) of the plastic film were better than biodegradable film, especially in water use efficiency (WUE). Nitrogen deficiency had significantly negative effects on various parameters (Photosynthetic parameters, ChlF, Chl ab, grain yield), while nitrogen application (N > N1) had strong positive effects. Photosynthetic parameters, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, NPQ, Chl ab, ET, and WUE had strong positive effects on yield. The grain yield of the plastic film were slightly better (5.03% on average) than biodegradable film, but from the perspective of sustainable development, we recommend that biodegradable film and N2 should be used in the semi-arid regions of China.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge-furrow mulching and nitrogen significantly improved photosynthetic gas-exchange traits.
- Treatment
- RFFM and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr)”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen significantly improved intrinsic water use efficiency.
- Organ / stage
- grain-filling stagee0
- Treatment
- RFFM and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) (grain-filling stage)”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen significantly improved PSII fluorescence traits.
- Treatment
- RFFM and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), energy transformation potential activities of PSII (Fv/Fo), the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) (grain-filling stage), the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), energy transformation potential activities of PSII (Fv/Fo), the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII)”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen significantly improved photochemical and non-photochemical quenching.
- Treatment
- RFFM and nitrogen applicatione1
- Outcome
- photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qP), non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ)e0
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qP), non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ)”
e1“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen significantly improved chlorophyll ab.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll ab (Chl ab), evapotranspiration (ET) and yield, but decreased chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) and soil water storage (SWS)”
e1“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen significantly increased evapotranspiration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evapotranspiration (ET) and yield, but decreased chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) and soil water storage (SWS)”
e1“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen significantly improved yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“evapotranspiration (ET) and yield, but decreased chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) and soil water storage (SWS)”
e1“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen decreased chlorophyll a/b.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but decreased chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) and soil water storage (SWS)”
e1“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching and nitrogen decreased soil water storage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but decreased chlorophyll a/b (Chl a/b) and soil water storage (SWS)”
e1“RFFM and nitrogen application significantly improved”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The N2 treatment maximized gas-exchange and water-use traits.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum Pn, Tr, Gs, WUEi, Fv/Fm. Fv/Fo, ΦPSII, qP, and Chl ab (anthesis stage) all appeared in N2”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The N2 treatment maximized several PSII traits.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum Pn, Tr, Gs, WUEi, Fv/Fm. Fv/Fo, ΦPSII, qP, and Chl ab (anthesis stage) all appeared in N2”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll ab at anthesis was maximal with N2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum Pn, Tr, Gs, WUEi, Fv/Fm. Fv/Fo, ΦPSII, qP, and Chl ab (anthesis stage) all appeared in N2”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film improved photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence more than biodegradable film at equal nitrogen rates.
- Treatment
- plastic filme0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF)e0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- same N application ratee0
- Comparator
- biodegradable filme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the same N application rate, the positive effects on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) of the plastic film were better than biodegradable film”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film had a greater positive effect on water use efficiency than biodegradable film.
- Treatment
- plastic filme0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- biodegradable filme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plastic film were better than biodegradable film, especially in water use efficiency (WUE)”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency significantly harmed photosynthetic, fluorescence, chlorophyll, and yield parameters.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen deficiency had significantly negative effects on various parameters (Photosynthetic parameters, ChlF, Chl ab, grain yield)”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency significantly harmed grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen deficiency had significantly negative effects on various parameters (Photosynthetic parameters, ChlF, Chl ab, grain yield)”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen above N1 had strong positive effects on the measured parameters.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen application (N > N1) had strong positive effects”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll traits, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency positively affected yield.
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- Photosynthetic parameters, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, NPQ, Chl ab, ET, and WUEe0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic parameters, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, NPQ, Chl ab, ET, and WUE had strong positive effects on yield”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Plastic film yielded 5.03% more grain on average than biodegradable film.
- Treatment
- plastic filme0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 5.03%e0
- Comparator
- biodegradable filme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield of the plastic film were slightly better (5.03% on average) than biodegradable film”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended biodegradable film with N2 for semi-arid China.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommend that biodegradable film and N2 should be used in the semi-arid regions of China”
t0“summer maize”
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