Abstract
Ridge-furrow system significantly improves the yield and resource utilization efficiency of rain-fed spring maize, but its underlying mechanism with different urea application strategies remains unclear. This study conducted a field experiment of planting method (ridge-furrow system and flat planting) and urea application strategy (no urea, conventional urea, controlled release urea, and blended urea) in the Loess Plateau to assess the effects on spring maize productivity and resource use efficiency. Compared with flat planting, the ridge-furrow system significantly increased water productivity (18.80 %), nitrogen use efficiency (2.70 %), dry matter accumulation (16.34 %), and yield (19.71 %). Water productivity, evapotranspiration, nitrogen use efficiency, crop agronomic traits, and yield were optimized under blended urea application. Applying blended urea under the ridge-furrow system improved agronomic traits, yield, and resource use efficiency, and reduce NO 3 – -N leaching. Yield and its composition were closely related to water-nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic traits. Blended urea application under the ridge-furrow system improved agronomic traits by optimizing water-nitrogen use efficiency, thereby enhancing yield and its composition in rain-fed spring maize growing areas. Nitrogen use efficiency and water productivity were considered as the largest direct and indirect factors affecting yield formation, respectively. Blended urea application under the ridge-furrow system could be used as an optimal strategy for achieving high yield, high efficiency, and environmental sustainability in the rain-fed spring maize cultivation system. The results provide an important scientific reference for the development of sustainable field management strategy of spring maize cultivation in the Loess Plateau.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The ridge-furrow system increased water productivity by 18.80 % relative to flat planting in spring maize.
- Treatment
- ridge-furrow systeme1
- Outcome
- water productivitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 18.80 %e1
- Comparator
- flat plantinge1
- Setting
- Loess Plateaut0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e1“Compared with flat planting, the ridge-furrow system significantly increased water productivity (18.80 %), nitrogen use efficiency (2.70 %), dry matter accumulation (16.34 %), and yield (19.71 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ridge-furrow system increased nitrogen use efficiency by 2.70 % relative to flat planting in spring maize.
- Treatment
- ridge-furrow systeme1
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 2.70 %e1
- Comparator
- flat plantinge1
- Setting
- Loess Plateaut0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e1“Compared with flat planting, the ridge-furrow system significantly increased water productivity (18.80 %), nitrogen use efficiency (2.70 %), dry matter accumulation (16.34 %), and yield (19.71 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ridge-furrow system increased dry matter accumulation by 16.34 % relative to flat planting in spring maize.
- Treatment
- ridge-furrow systeme1
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 16.34 %e1
- Comparator
- flat plantinge1
- Setting
- Loess Plateaut0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e1“Compared with flat planting, the ridge-furrow system significantly increased water productivity (18.80 %), nitrogen use efficiency (2.70 %), dry matter accumulation (16.34 %), and yield (19.71 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
The ridge-furrow system increased yield by 19.71 % relative to flat planting in spring maize.
- Treatment
- ridge-furrow systeme1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19.71 %e1
- Comparator
- flat plantinge1
- Setting
- Loess Plateaut0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e1“Compared with flat planting, the ridge-furrow system significantly increased water productivity (18.80 %), nitrogen use efficiency (2.70 %), dry matter accumulation (16.34 %), and yield (19.71 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water productivity, evapotranspiration and nitrogen use efficiency were optimized under blended urea application in spring maize.
- Treatment
- blended urea applicatione2
- Outcome
- Water productivity, evapotranspiration, nitrogen use efficiencye2
- Direction
- optimizede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e2“Water productivity, evapotranspiration, nitrogen use efficiency, crop agronomic traits, and yield were optimized under blended urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop agronomic traits and yield were optimized under blended urea application in spring maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e2“Water productivity, evapotranspiration, nitrogen use efficiency, crop agronomic traits, and yield were optimized under blended urea application”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying blended urea under the ridge-furrow system reduced NO3–-N leaching in spring maize.
- Treatment
- Applying blended urea under the ridge-furrow systeme3
- Outcome
- NO 3 – -N leachinge3
- Direction
- reducee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e3“Applying blended urea under the ridge-furrow system improved agronomic traits, yield, and resource use efficiency, and reduce NO 3 – -N leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield and its composition were closely related to water-nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic traits in spring maize.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e4“Yield and its composition were closely related to water-nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency and water productivity were the largest direct and indirect factors affecting yield formation in spring maize.
- Treatment
- Nitrogen use efficiency and water productivitye5
- Outcome
- largest direct and indirect factors affecting yield formatione5
- Direction
- largeste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e5“Nitrogen use efficiency and water productivity were considered as the largest direct and indirect factors affecting yield formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Blended urea under the ridge-furrow system is an optimal strategy for high yield, high efficiency and environmental sustainability in rain-fed spring maize.
- Outcome
- optimal strategy for achieving high yield, high efficiency, and environmental sustainabilitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e6“Blended urea application under the ridge-furrow system could be used as an optimal strategy for achieving high yield, high efficiency, and environmental sustainability in the rain-fed spring maize cultivation system”
Claim · model-written summary
Blended urea under the ridge-furrow system improved agronomic traits by optimizing water-nitrogen use efficiency, thereby enhancing yield.
- Treatment
- Blended urea application under the ridge-furrow systeme7
- Outcome
- agronomic traitse7
- Qualifier
- by optimizing water-nitrogen use efficiencye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring maize productivity and water-nitrogen use efficiency in the Loess Plateau”
e7“Blended urea application under the ridge-furrow system improved agronomic traits by optimizing water-nitrogen use efficiency, thereby enhancing yield and its composition”
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