Abstract
Abstract Information on the combined effects of N and water stresses on corn (Zea mays L.) is of importance for selecting nitrogen efficient and drought tolerant genotypes. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the interactive effects of N and water stresses on N utilization efficiency (NUE), leaf water status and yield of diverse corn genotypes. Three genotypes which normally rank differently for NUE in the field, were grown to the 9‐leaf stage in the greenhouse with four N rates of 0, 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg and two water regimes (stressed for 8‐d, and unstressed). In the field experiment, four genotypes with different NUE history, were grown with N rates of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg/ha, and water regimes of irrigated and dryland. Maximum grain yield was obtained at different N rates for different genotypes and for different water regimes. The genotypes differed significantly in NUE as expected, but also for water use efficiency (WUE) in both experiments. Nitrogen x water regime interactions for NUE were not significant in either experiment. Water regime did not significantly change the rank among genotypes for NUE as the genotype x water regime interactions for NUE were not significant in either of the two environments. This should greatly simplify selection of corn genotypes for NUE. NUE paralleled WUE closely for the genotypes studied. There was 19% difference between the best and poorest nitrogen efficient hybrids in terms of grain produced per kg total N uptake. Increasing N rate further decreased the total water potential of water stressed plants. There was a significant N x water regime interaction for grain yield. The grain yield increases due to irrigation compared to dryland ranged from 23% to 84% for the genotypes studied. Leaf water and osmotic potentials decreased significantly as N rate increased in the dryland, but were the same over N rates in irrigated plants. Apparent remobilization of N from leaves to grain was the major source of grain N in all genotypes, however, there were differences between genotypes for the fraction of leaf N remobilized. Genotypic selection for NUE does not appear to be influenced by water regime, and may result in simultaneous selection for WUE.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
The nitrogen rate producing maximum corn grain yield varied by genotype and water regime.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Material
- genotypese0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Qualifier
- different water regimese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum grain yield was obtained at different N rates for different genotypes and for different water regimes.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn genotypes differed significantly in nitrogen utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genotypes differed significantly in NUE as expected, but also for water use efficiency (WUE) in both experiments.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn genotypes differed significantly in water use efficiency in both experiments.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Qualifier
- both experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genotypes differed significantly in NUE as expected, but also for water use efficiency (WUE) in both experiments.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rate and water regime showed no significant interaction for nitrogen utilization efficiency in either experiment.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen x water regimee0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- not significante0
- Qualifier
- either experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen x water regime interactions for NUE were not significant in either experiment.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Water regime did not significantly alter corn genotype ranks for nitrogen utilization efficiency in either environment.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Water regimee0
- Outcome
- rank among genotypes for NUEe0
- Direction
- did not significantly changee0
- Qualifier
- either of the two environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water regime did not significantly change the rank among genotypes for NUE as the genotype x water regime interactions for NUE were not significant in either of the two environments.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen utilization efficiency closely paralleled water use efficiency among the corn genotypes studied.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- genotypes studiede0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Qualifier
- WUE closelye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NUE paralleled WUE closely for the genotypes studied.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The best and poorest nitrogen efficient hybrids differed by 19% in grain produced per kilogram of total nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- hybridse0
- Outcome
- grain produced per kg total N uptakee0
- Direction
- differencee0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- poorest nitrogen efficient hybridse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was 19% difference between the best and poorest nitrogen efficient hybrids in terms of grain produced per kg total N uptake.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate further decreased total water potential in water stressed corn plants.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Increasing N ratee0
- Outcome
- total water potentiale0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- water stressed plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing N rate further decreased the total water potential of water stressed plants.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rate and water regime interacted significantly for corn grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N x water regimee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant N x water regime interaction for grain yield.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased corn grain yield by 23% to 84% relative to dryland across genotypes.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- genotypes studiede0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 23% to 84%e0
- Comparator
- drylande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield increases due to irrigation compared to dryland ranged from 23% to 84% for the genotypes studied.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate significantly decreased leaf water potential under dryland conditions.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N rate increasede0
- Outcome
- Leaf watere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- drylande0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf water and osmotic potentials decreased significantly as N rate increased in the dryland, but were the same over N rates in irrigated plants.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate significantly decreased leaf osmotic potential under dryland conditions.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N rate increasede0
- Outcome
- osmotic potentialse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- drylande0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf water and osmotic potentials decreased significantly as N rate increased in the dryland, but were the same over N rates in irrigated plants.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf water and osmotic potentials remained the same across nitrogen rates in irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- Leaf water and osmotic potentialse0
- Direction
- samee0
- Setting
- irrigated plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf water and osmotic potentials decreased significantly as N rate increased in the dryland, but were the same over N rates in irrigated plants.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent nitrogen remobilization from leaves was the major source of grain nitrogen in every genotype.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- grain Ne0
- Qualifier
- major source of grain N in all genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apparent remobilization of N from leaves to grain was the major source of grain N in all genotypes”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The fraction of leaf nitrogen remobilized differed among genotypes.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Outcome
- fraction of leaf N remobilizede0
- Direction
- differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were differences between genotypes for the fraction of leaf N remobilized.”
t0“corn genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest nitrogen utilization efficiency selection need not depend on water regime and may also select for water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Genotypic selection for NUEe0
- Qualifier
- may result in simultaneous selection for WUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genotypic selection for NUE does not appear to be influenced by water regime, and may result in simultaneous selection for WUE.”
t0“corn genotypes”
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