Abstract
Management of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation can play a critical role to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, the impacts of N application at the root zone via urea briquette deep placement (UDP) and water-saving irrigation alternate wetting and drying (AWD) on N2O emissions are not well-understood. A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the impacts of UDP on N2O emissions, NUE, and grain yields of rice and wheat compared with broadcast prilled urea (PU). For rice, the effect of UDP was evaluated under continuous flooding (CF) and AWD, while the control (no N) and PU were tested only under CF. In rice, UDP under CF irrigation produced similar emissions to PU-CF, but UDP under AWD irrigation increased emissions by 4.5-fold compared with UDP under CF. UDP under CF irrigation increased (p < 0.05) rice grain yields and N recovery efficiency (RE) by 26% and 124% compared with PU-CF, respectively. In wheat, UDP had no effects (p > 0.05) on emissions compared with PU. However, it produced higher wheat grain yields (9%) and RE (35%) over PU. In conclusion, UDP under CF irrigation increases the RE and grain yields of rice without increasing N2O emissions, but the yield may reduce and N2O emissions may increase under AWD.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Rice under UDP and continuous flooding had similar N2O emissions to PU under continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- UDP under CF irrigatione0
- Outcome
- emissionse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- PU-CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice, UDP under CF irrigation produced similar emissions to PU-CF”
Claim · model-written summary
For rice, UDP under AWD raised N2O emissions 4.5-fold relative to UDP under continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- UDP under AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.5-folde0
- Comparator
- UDP under CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UDP under AWD irrigation increased emissions by 4.5-fold compared with UDP under CF”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP under continuous flooding increased rice grain yield 26% versus PU-CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UDP under CF irrigatione0
- Outcome
- rice grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- PU-CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UDP under CF irrigation increased (p < 0.05) rice grain yields and N recovery efficiency (RE) by 26% and 124% compared with PU-CF, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP under continuous flooding increased rice nitrogen recovery efficiency 124% versus PU-CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UDP under CF irrigatione0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiency (RE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 124%e0
- Comparator
- PU-CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UDP under CF irrigation increased (p < 0.05) rice grain yields and N recovery efficiency (RE) by 26% and 124% compared with PU-CF, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat N2O emissions did not differ significantly between UDP and PU.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In wheat, UDP had no effects (p > 0.05) on emissions compared with PU”
e1“In wheat, UDP had no effects (p > 0.05) on emissions compared with PU”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP increased wheat grain yield 9% over PU.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- UDPe1
- Outcome
- wheat grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it produced higher wheat grain yields (9%) and RE (35%) over PU”
t0“Wheat”
e1“In wheat, UDP had no effects (p > 0.05) on emissions compared with PU”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP increased wheat nitrogen recovery efficiency 35% over PU.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it produced higher wheat grain yields (9%) and RE (35%) over PU”
t0“Wheat”
e1“In wheat, UDP had no effects (p > 0.05) on emissions compared with PU”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors caution rice yield may decline under AWD.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield may reduce and N2O emissions may increase under AWD”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 41 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
57 papers more in this group
See all 61 papers →flooding · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →flooding · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →nitrogen · environment: emissions · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →irrigation · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →irrigation · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 109 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
123 papers more in this group
See all 127 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
216 papers in the same direction as this paper · 41 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
258 papers more in this group
See all 262 papers →flooding · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
192 papers in the same direction as this paper · 82 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
282 papers more in this group
See all 286 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.