Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture sector play an important role for global warming and climate change. Thus, it is necessary to find out GHG emissions mitigation strategies from rice cultivation. The efficient management of nitrogen fertilizer using urea deep placement (UDP) and the use of the water-saving alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation could mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduce environmental pollution. However, there is a dearth of studies on the impacts of UDP and the integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS) which combines poultry manure and prilled urea (PU) with different irrigation regimes on GHG emissions, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and rice yields. We conducted field experiments during the dry seasons of 2018, 2019, and 2020 to compare the effects of four fertilizer treatments including control (no N), PU, UDP, and IPNS in combination with two irrigation systems— (AWD and continuous flooding, CF) on GHG emissions, NUE and rice yield. Fertilizer treatments had significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects with irrigation regimes on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. PU reduced CH4 and N2O emissions by 6% and 20% compared to IPNS treatment, respectively under AWD irrigation, but produced similar emissions under CF irrigation. Similarly, UDP reduced cumulative CH4 emissions by 9% and 15% under AWD irrigation, and 9% and 11% under CF condition compared to PU and IPNS treatments, respectively. Across the year and fertilizer treatments, AWD irrigation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cumulative CH4 emissions and GHG intensity by 28%, and 26%, respectively without significant yield loss compared to CF condition. Although AWD irrigation increased cumulative N2O emissions by 73%, it reduced the total global warming potential by 27% compared to CF irrigation. The CH4 emission factor for AWD was lower (1.67 kg ha−1 day−1) compared to CF (2.33 kg ha−1 day−1). Across the irrigation regimes, UDP increased rice yield by 21% and N recovery efficiency by 58% compared to PU. These results suggest that both UDP and AWD irrigation might be considered as a carbon-friendly technology.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer and irrigation interacted significantly for methane emissions.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer treatments had significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects with irrigation regimes on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer and irrigation interacted significantly for nitrous oxide emissions.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Fertilizer treatments had significant (p < 0.05) interaction effects with irrigation regimes on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions”
Claim · model-written summary
PU reduced methane emissions by 6% against IPNS under AWD.
- Treatment
- PUe0
- Outcome
- CH4e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Qualifier
- AWD irrigatione0
- Comparator
- IPNS treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“PU reduced CH4 and N2O emissions by 6% and 20% compared to IPNS treatment, respectively under AWD irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
PU reduced nitrous oxide emissions by 20% against IPNS under AWD.
- Treatment
- PUe0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- AWD irrigatione0
- Comparator
- IPNS treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“PU reduced CH4 and N2O emissions by 6% and 20% compared to IPNS treatment, respectively under AWD irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
PU and IPNS produced similar emissions under CF.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“PU reduced CH4 and N2O emissions by 6% and 20% compared to IPNS treatment, respectively under AWD irrigation, but produced similar emissions under CF irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP reduced CH4 by 9% relative to PU under AWD.
- Treatment
- UDPe0
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- AWD irrigatione0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“UDP reduced cumulative CH4 emissions by 9% and 15% under AWD irrigation, and 9% and 11% under CF condition compared to PU and IPNS treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP reduced CH4 by 15% relative to IPNS under AWD.
- Treatment
- UDPe0
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Qualifier
- AWD irrigatione0
- Comparator
- IPNSe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“UDP reduced cumulative CH4 emissions by 9% and 15% under AWD irrigation, and 9% and 11% under CF condition compared to PU and IPNS treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP reduced CH4 by 9% relative to PU under CF.
- Treatment
- UDPe0
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- CF conditione0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“UDP reduced cumulative CH4 emissions by 9% and 15% under AWD irrigation, and 9% and 11% under CF condition compared to PU and IPNS treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP reduced CH4 by 11% relative to IPNS under CF.
- Treatment
- UDPe0
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- CF conditione0
- Comparator
- IPNSe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“UDP reduced cumulative CH4 emissions by 9% and 15% under AWD irrigation, and 9% and 11% under CF condition compared to PU and IPNS treatments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced cumulative CH4 by 28% versus CF.
- Treatment
- AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- CF conditione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AWD irrigation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cumulative CH4 emissions and GHG intensity by 28%, and 26%, respectively without significant yield loss compared to CF condition”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced GHG intensity by 26% versus CF.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AWD irrigation significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cumulative CH4 emissions and GHG intensity by 28%, and 26%, respectively without significant yield loss compared to CF condition”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD caused no significant rice yield loss versus CF.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AWD irrigatione1
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- without significante0
- Comparator
- CF conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without significant yield loss compared to CF condition”
t0“rice cultivation”
e1“AWD irrigation significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD increased N2O emissions by 73% versus CF.
- Treatment
- AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- cumulative N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 73%e0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AWD irrigation increased cumulative N2O emissions by 73%, it reduced the total global warming potential by 27% compared to CF irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced total global warming potential by 27% versus CF.
- Treatment
- AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- total global warming potentiale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AWD irrigation increased cumulative N2O emissions by 73%, it reduced the total global warming potential by 27% compared to CF irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD methane emission factor was 1.67 kg ha−1 day−1, below CF.
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- CH4 emission factore0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1.67 kg ha−1 day−1e0
- Qualifier
- 2.33 kg ha−1 day−1e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The CH4 emission factor for AWD was lower (1.67 kg ha−1 day−1) compared to CF (2.33 kg ha−1 day−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP increased rice yield by 21% versus PU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- UDPe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UDP increased rice yield by 21% and N recovery efficiency by 58% compared to PU”
Claim · model-written summary
UDP increased nitrogen recovery efficiency by 58% versus PU.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- UDPe0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 58%e0
- Comparator
- PUe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UDP increased rice yield by 21% and N recovery efficiency by 58% compared to PU”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggested UDP as a carbon-friendly technology.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- UDPe0
- Outcome
- carbon-friendly technologye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both UDP and AWD irrigation might be considered as a carbon-friendly technology”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggested AWD irrigation as a carbon-friendly technology.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- carbon-friendly technologye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both UDP and AWD irrigation might be considered as a carbon-friendly technology”
t0“rice cultivation”
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