Abstract
Abstract Worldwide, rice production contributes about 10% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector, mainly due to CH 4 emissions from continuously flooded fields. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) is a promising crop technology for mitigating CH 4 emissions and reducing the irrigation water currently being applied in many of the world's top rice‐producing countries. However, decreased emissions of CH 4 may be partially counterbalanced by increased N 2 O emissions. In this case study for the Philippines, the national mitigation potential of AWD is explored using the process‐based biogeochemical model LandscapeDNDC. Simulated mean annual CH 4 emissions under conventional rice production for the time period 2000–2011 are estimated as 1,180 ± 163 Gg CH 4 yr −1 . During the cropping season, this is about +16% higher than a former estimate using emission factors. Scenario simulations of nationwide introduction of AWD in irrigated landscapes suggest a considerable decrease in CH 4 emissions by −23%, while N 2 O emissions are only increased by +8%. Irrespective of field management, at national scale, the radiative forcing of irrigated rice production is always dominated by CH 4 (>95%). The reduction potential of GHG emissions depends on, for example, number of crops per year, residue management, amount of applied irrigation water, and sand content. Seasonal weather conditions also play an important role since the mitigation potential of AWD is almost double as high in dry as compared to wet seasons. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the importance of temporal continuity, considering off‐season emissions and the long‐term development of GHG emissions across multiple years.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional rice production simulated mean annual CH4 emissions of 1,180 ± 163 Gg CH4 per year.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- CH 4 emissionse0
- Value
- 1,180 ± 163 Gg CH 4 yr −1e0
- Setting
- 2000–2011e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Simulated mean annual CH 4 emissions under conventional rice production for the time period 2000–2011 are estimated as 1,180 ± 163 Gg CH 4 yr −1 .”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The modeled cropping season estimate was about 16% higher than a former emission-factor estimate.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- thise0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +16%e0
- Comparator
- a former estimate using emission factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the cropping season, this is about +16% higher than a former estimate using emission factors.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nationwide AWD simulation decrease CH 4 emissions by −23%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- CH 4 emissionse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- −23%e0
- Comparator
- conventional rice productione1
- Setting
- irrigated landscapese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scenario simulations of nationwide introduction of AWD in irrigated landscapes suggest a considerable decrease in CH 4 emissions by −23%, while N 2 O emissions are only increased by +8%.”
t0“Rice”
e1“under conventional rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
Nationwide AWD simulation increased N 2 O emissions by +8%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +8%e0
- Comparator
- conventional rice productione1
- Setting
- irrigated landscapese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scenario simulations of nationwide introduction of AWD in irrigated landscapes suggest a considerable decrease in CH 4 emissions by −23%, while N 2 O emissions are only increased by +8%.”
t0“Rice”
e1“under conventional rice production”
Claim · model-written summary
CH4 accounted for more than 95% of rice production radiative forcing nationally.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- radiative forcing of irrigated rice productione0
- Value
- >95%e0
- Qualifier
- Irrespective of field managemente0
- Setting
- national scalee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrespective of field management, at national scale, the radiative forcing of irrigated rice production is always dominated by CH 4 (>95%).”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GHG reduction potential depends on cropping frequency, residue management, irrigation water and sand content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- reduction potential of GHG emissionse0
- Qualifier
- residue management, amount of applied irrigation water, and sand contente0
- Setting
- number of crops per yeare0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction potential of GHG emissions depends on, for example, number of crops per year, residue management, amount of applied irrigation water, and sand content.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD mitigation potential was almost twice as high in dry versus wet seasons.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- mitigation potential of AWDe0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- almost doublee0
- Qualifier
- drye0
- Comparator
- wet seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mitigation potential of AWD is almost double as high in dry as compared to wet seasons.”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
108 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
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