Abstract
Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops. However, the fruit is vulnerable to post-harvest brown rot degradation caused by Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena, which is a prominent pre-and post-harvest disease of tree fruit. Numerous non-chemical post-harvest treatments have been investigated so far to control these pathogens to provide an alternative option to the synthetic fungicides that are commonly used and may have negative effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the in vitro and in vivo efficacy at different concentrations of nine plants' aqueous extracts from Mentha pulegium, Citrus aurantium, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum compactum, Lavandula angustifolia, Syzygium aromaticum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Citrus sinensis and Eucalyptus radiate against the development of brown rot. The results demonstrated significant antifungal activities of all tested aqueous extracts on both fungi compared to the thiophanate-methyl fungicide (1 ppm) (100% inhibition). At the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml, S. aromaticum and O. compactum extracts were the most effective, showing significant inhibition values against M. laxa (91.06%) and against M. fructigena (90.02%). Interestingly, at higher concentration, spore germination of both Monilinia strains was significantly reduced with inhibition rate of 98.64% for M. laxa and 93.04% for M. fructigena. Also, high flavonoids and polyphenols contents were shown. Aqueous extracts of O. compactum, S. aromaticum, and T. vulgaris reduced the brown rot severity and incidence in vivo. The application of these plants' aqueous extracts on fruits seems to have a significant effect on fruit quality persistence, as indicated by weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, and maturity index during 15 days of storage at 4 °C. The spectra analyzed from all tested plants revealed typical peaks and a large variety of functional groups such as C–H bonds, O–H groups, and C–C stretching. The plant’s aqueous extracts studied can be used as bio-fungicides against brown rot diseases.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
All tested aqueous extracts gave significant antifungal activity against Monilinia spp. compared with the thiophanate-methyl fungicide (1 ppm), which gave 100% inhibition.
- Taxon
- Apple fruit
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- aqueous extractse1
- Outcome
- antifungal activitiese1
- Qualifier
- 100% inhibitione1
- Comparator
- thiophanate-methyl fungicide (1 ppm)e1
MoniliniaNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e1“The results demonstrated significant antifungal activities of all tested aqueous extracts on both fungi compared to the thiophanate-methyl fungicide (1 ppm) (100% inhibition)”
t0“against Monilinia spp. agent of brown rot disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts of S. aromaticum and O. compactum at 1.5 mg/ml were the most effective, with significant inhibition of M. laxa (91.06%).
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- S. aromaticum and O. compactum extractse2
- Interactor
- M. laxa
Monilinia laxae2pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition valuese2
- Direction
- most effectivee2
- Value
- 91.06%e2
- Qualifier
- 1.5 mg/mle2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e2“At the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml, S. aromaticum and O. compactum extracts were the most effective, showing significant inhibition values against M. laxa (91.06%) and against M. fructigena (90.02%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts of S. aromaticum and O. compactum at 1.5 mg/ml were the most effective, with significant inhibition of M. fructigena (90.02%).
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- S. aromaticum and O. compactum extractse2
- Interactor
- M. fructigena
Monilinia fructigenae2pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition valuese2
- Direction
- most effectivee2
- Value
- 90.02%e2
- Qualifier
- 1.5 mg/mle2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e2“At the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml, S. aromaticum and O. compactum extracts were the most effective, showing significant inhibition values against M. laxa (91.06%) and against M. fructigena (90.02%)”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher concentration, spore germination of M. laxa was significantly reduced, with 98.64% inhibition.
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- at higher concentratione3
- Interactor
- M. laxaMonilinia laxae3pathogen
- Outcome
- spore germinatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 98.64%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e3“Interestingly, at higher concentration, spore germination of both Monilinia strains was significantly reduced with inhibition rate of 98.64% for M. laxa and 93.04% for M. fructigena”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher concentration, spore germination of M. fructigena was significantly reduced, with 93.04% inhibition.
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- at higher concentratione3
- Interactor
- M. fructigenaMonilinia fructigenae3pathogen
- Outcome
- spore germinatione3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 93.04%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e3“Interestingly, at higher concentration, spore germination of both Monilinia strains was significantly reduced with inhibition rate of 98.64% for M. laxa and 93.04% for M. fructigena”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts of O. compactum, S. aromaticum and T. vulgaris reduced brown rot severity and incidence in vivo.
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Aqueous extracts of O. compactum, S. aromaticum, and T. vulgarise4
- Outcome
- brown rot severity and incidencee4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Setting
- in vivoe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e4“Aqueous extracts of O. compactum, S. aromaticum, and T. vulgaris reduced the brown rot severity and incidence in vivo”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts significantly affected apple fruit quality persistence, as indicated by weight loss, fruit firmness and total soluble solids during 15 days of storage at 4 °C.
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extractse1
- Outcome
- weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solidse2
- Qualifier
- during 15 days of storage at 4 °Ce2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e1“Aqueous extracts of O. compactum, S. aromaticum, and T. vulgaris reduced the brown rot severity and incidence in vivo”
e2“seems to have a significant effect on fruit quality persistence, as indicated by weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, and maturity index during 15 days of storage at 4 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts significantly affected apple fruit quality persistence, as indicated by titratable acidity and maturity index during 15 days of storage at 4 °C.
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- aqueous extractse1
- Outcome
- titrable acidity, and maturity indexe2
- Qualifier
- during 15 days of storage at 4 °Ce2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e1“Aqueous extracts of O. compactum, S. aromaticum, and T. vulgaris reduced the brown rot severity and incidence in vivo”
e2“seems to have a significant effect on fruit quality persistence, as indicated by weight loss, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, and maturity index during 15 days of storage at 4 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Spectra of all tested plant extracts showed typical peaks and a large variety of functional groups.
Verbatim
e6“The spectra analyzed from all tested plants revealed typical peaks and a large variety of functional groups such as C–H bonds, O–H groups, and C–C stretching”
Claim · model-written summary
The aqueous extracts studied can be used as bio-fungicides against brown rot diseases of apple.
- Taxon
- Apple fruitMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- bio-fungicides against brown rot diseasese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple fruit is one of the worldwide most industrially valuable horticulture crops”
e7“can be used as bio-fungicides against brown rot diseases”
The same questions in other papers
Syzygium aromaticum · Monilinia laxa · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
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- positive
Syzygium aromaticum · Monilinia fructigena · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
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botanical · Monilinia laxa · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.