Abstract
After harvest, numerous plant pathogenic fungi can infect fresh fruits during transit and storage. Although synthetic fungicides are often used to manage postharvest fruit diseases, their application may lead to problems such as the development of fungicide resistance and residues on fruits. In the present study, the antifungal potential of nine commercial essential oils (EOs) extracted from Eucalyptus radiata ssp. radiata, Mentha pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum compactum, Lavandula angustifolia, Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus sinensis were tested against the apple brown rot fungi Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena at different concentrations in vitro (against mycelial growth and spore germination) and in vivo (on detached apple fruit and in semi-commercial postharvest conditions). In addition, fruit quality parameters were evaluated and the composition of the EOs was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In vitro results showed significant antifungal activity of all tested EOs on both fungal species. EOs from S. aromaticum were the most effective, whereby inhibition percentages ranged from 64.0 to 94.7% against M. laxa and from 63.9 to 94.4% against M. fructigena for the concentrations 12.5 and 100 µL/mL, respectively, with an EC50 of 6.74 µL/mL for M. laxa and 10.1 µL/mL for M. fructigena. The higher concentrations tested of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis EOs significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diameter. Evaluation of the treatments during storage for 20 days at 4 °C on apple fruit quality parameters demonstrated the preservation of the fruit quality characteristics studied (weight loss, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, firmness, and maturity index). FT-IR spectra obtained from all tested EO samples presented characteristic peaks and a high diversity of functional groups such as O–H groups, C–H bonds, and C–C stretching. The EOs examined here may have the potential for controlling postharvest fungal diseases of fruit such as brown rot.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All tested essential oils showed significant antifungal activity against both Monilinia species in vitro.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Nine Commercial Essential Oilst0
- Outcome
- antifungal activitye1
- Direction
- significante1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e1“In vitro results showed significant antifungal activity of all tested EOs on both fungal species”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil from S. aromaticum gave 64.0 to 94.7% inhibition against M. laxa, ranging from 64.0 to 94.7% and ranking as the most effective.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- EOs from S. aromaticume2
- Interactor
- M. laxa
Monilinia laxae2pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition percentagese2
- Direction
- ranged frome2
- Value
- 64.0 to 94.7%e2
- Qualifier
- the most effectivee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e2“EOs from S. aromaticum were the most effective, whereby inhibition percentages ranged from 64.0 to 94.7% against M. laxa and from 63.9 to 94.4% against M. fructigena”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil from S. aromaticum gave 63.9 to 94.4% inhibition against M. fructigena, ranking as the most effective.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- EOs from S. aromaticume2
- Interactor
- M. fructigena
Monilinia fructigenae2pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition percentagese2
- Direction
- ranged frome2
- Value
- 63.9 to 94.4%e2
- Qualifier
- the most effectivee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e2“EOs from S. aromaticum were the most effective, whereby inhibition percentages ranged from 64.0 to 94.7% against M. laxa and from 63.9 to 94.4% against M. fructigena”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil from S. aromaticum had an EC50 of 6.74 µL/mL against M. laxa.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- EOs from S. aromaticume2
- Interactor
- M. laxaMonilinia laxae3pathogen
- Outcome
- EC50e3
- Value
- 6.74 µL/mLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e2“EOs from S. aromaticum were the most effective”
e3“with an EC50 of 6.74 µL/mL for M. laxa and 10.1 µL/mL for M. fructigena”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil from S. aromaticum had an EC50 of 10.1 µL/mL against M. fructigena.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- EOs from S. aromaticume2
- Interactor
- M. fructigenaMonilinia fructigenae3pathogen
- Outcome
- EC50e3
- Value
- 10.1 µL/mLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e2“EOs from S. aromaticum were the most effective”
e3“with an EC50 of 6.74 µL/mL for M. laxa and 10.1 µL/mL for M. fructigena”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher concentrations of S. aromaticum essential oil significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence and lesion diameter.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- S. aromaticume4
- Outcome
- spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diametere4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- higher concentrations testede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e4“The higher concentrations tested of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis EOs significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher concentrations of T. vulgaris essential oil significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence and lesion diameter.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- T. vulgarise4
- Outcome
- spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diametere4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- higher concentrations testede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e4“The higher concentrations tested of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis EOs significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher concentrations of C. aurantium essential oil significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence and lesion diameter.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- C. aurantiume4
- Outcome
- spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diametere4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- higher concentrations testede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e4“The higher concentrations tested of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis EOs significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher concentrations of C. sinensis essential oil significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence and lesion diameter.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- C. sinensise4
- Outcome
- spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diametere4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- higher concentrations testede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e4“The higher concentrations tested of S. aromaticum, T. vulgaris, C. aurantium, and C. sinensis EOs significantly reduced spore germination, brown rot incidence, and lesion diameter”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage for 20 days at 4 °C preserved the apple fruit quality characteristics studied.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae5
- Outcome
- fruit quality characteristicse5
- Qualifier
- storage for 20 days at 4 °Ce5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e5“Evaluation of the treatments during storage for 20 days at 4 °C on apple fruit quality parameters demonstrated the preservation of the fruit quality characteristics studied”
Claim · model-written summary
FT-IR spectra of all tested essential oils showed a high diversity of functional groups.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- high diversity of functional groupse6
- Qualifier
- O–H groups, C–H bonds, and C–C stretchinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e6“FT-IR spectra obtained from all tested EO samples presented characteristic peaks and a high diversity of functional groups such as O–H groups, C–H bonds, and C–C stretching”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest these essential oils may help control postharvest fungal diseases of apple fruit such as brown rot.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- controlling postharvest fungal diseases of fruite7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Nine Commercial Essential Oils against Brown Rot in Apples”
e7“The EOs examined here may have the potential for controlling postharvest fungal diseases of fruit such as brown rot”
The same questions in other papers
Syzygium aromaticum · Monilinia laxa · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
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- positive
Syzygium aromaticum · Monilinia fructigena · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Syzygium aromaticum · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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- positive
Thymus vulgaris · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
botanical · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
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35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →botanical · Monilinia laxa · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · Monilinia fructigena · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.