Abstract
Repeated in-vivo trials (2019–20) were conducted to manage the concomitant infestation of soil-borne pathogens infecting capsicum (bell pepper) through the application of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum under protected cultivation system. The initial mean population of soil-borne pathogens,Meloidogyne incognita, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani was 1.87 J2/g soil, 2.03×103 cfu/g soil, and 14.9 propagules/50 cc soil respectively. To manage these pathogens freshly prepared bio-agents were used for soil and drench applications. The combined application of (T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens) caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction (up to 90%) with respect to nematode multiplication in soil and disease severity of all pathogens with significant (P<0.05) enhancement in plant health (up to 54%) at the end of the subsequent second trial followed by chemical controlin comparison to untreated control. The eggs of M. incognita obtained from plant roots treated with all tested bio-agents together showed the least hatching (14.5%) compared to untreated control (90%) when subjected to an in-vitro bioassay test after the termination of each trial. All tested bio-agents showed that they are highly compatible with each other in the rhizosphere under protected cultivation of capsicum. Therefore, T. harzianum, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens are potential biological control agents in plant disease management to overcome serious threats of chemical pesticides under a protected cultivation system.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of T. harzianum, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens reduced nematode multiplication in soil by up to 90% compared with untreated control in capsicum.
- Treatment
- combined application of (T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens)e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae7pathogen - Outcome
- nematode multiplication in soile1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Value
- up to 90%e1
- Comparator
- untreated controle2
CapsicumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.)”
e1“The combined application of (T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens) caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction (up to 90%) with respect to nematode multiplication in soil and disease severity of all pathogens”
e2“in comparison to untreated control”
e7“Meloidogyne incognita, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of T. harzianum, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens reduced disease severity of all pathogens in capsicum compared with untreated control.
- Treatment
- combined application of (T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens)e1
- Outcome
- disease severity of all pathogense1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- untreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.)”
e1“The combined application of (T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens) caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction (up to 90%) with respect to nematode multiplication in soil and disease severity of all pathogens”
e2“in comparison to untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of T. harzianum, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens enhanced plant health in capsicum by up to 54% at the end of the second trial, compared with untreated control.
- Treatment
- combined application of (T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens)e1
- Outcome
- plant healthe3
- Direction
- enhancemente3
- Value
- up to 54%e3
- Comparator
- untreated controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.)”
e1“The combined application of (T. harzianum + B. subtilis + P. fluorescens) caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction (up to 90%) with respect to nematode multiplication in soil and disease severity of all pathogens”
e2“in comparison to untreated control”
e3“with significant (P<0.05) enhancement in plant health (up to 54%) at the end of the subsequent second trial”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggs of M. incognita from capsicum roots treated with all tested bio-agents together hatched least (14.5%) compared with untreated control (90%).
- Organ / stage
- eggse4
- Treatment
- all tested bio-agents togethere4
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae4pathogen
- Outcome
- hatchinge4
- Direction
- leaste4
- Value
- 14.5%e4
- Qualifier
- 90%e4
- Comparator
- untreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.)”
e4“The eggs of M. incognita obtained from plant roots treated with all tested bio-agents together showed the least hatching (14.5%) compared to untreated control (90%)”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested bio-agents were highly compatible with each other in the capsicum rhizosphere under protected cultivation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.)”
e5“All tested bio-agents showed that they are highly compatible with each other in the rhizosphere under protected cultivation of capsicum”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens are potential biological control agents in capsicum disease management.
- Outcome
- potential biological control agents in plant disease managemente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.)”
e6“T. harzianum, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens are potential biological control agents in plant disease management”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.