Abstract
Partial replacement of chemicals with biological fertilizers is a recommended strategy to reduce the adverse environmental effects of chemical fertilizer losses. Enhancing the reduced mineral with biological fertilizers strategy by foliar application of humic acid (HA) and amino acids (AA) can reduce environmental hazards, while improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions. The recommended doses of N, P and K (e.g., 286 kg N ha -1 , 75 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and 67 kg K 2 O ha -1 ) were applied as the first fertilization level (100% NPK) and were replaced with biofertilizers by 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% as levels of reducing mineral fertilization. These treatments were applied under four foliar applications of tap water (TW), HA, AA and a mixture of HA and AA. Our results reported significant reductions in all parameters, including maize ear yield attributes and grain nutrient uptake, when replacing the mineral NPK with biofertilizers by 25-100% replacement. However, these reductions were mitigated significantly under the application of growth stimulants in the descending order: HA and AA mixture>AA>HA>TA. Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased ear length, grain yield, grain uptake of N and K, and crude protein yield by 37, 3, 4, 11 and 7%, respectively as compared with 100% mineral fertilizer only. Moreover, all investigated parameters were maximized under the application of 75% NPK + biofertilizers combined with AA or the mixture of HA and AA, which reveals the importance of growth stimulants in enhancing the reduced chemical NPK strategy. It could be concluded that the mineral NPK rate can be reduced by 25% with biofertilization without any yield losses when combined with HA and AA under arid and semi-arid conditions. That achieves the dual goals of sustainable agriculture by improving yield, while reducing environmental adverse effects.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The HA and AA mixture with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased ear length by 37%
- Treatment
- Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizerse2
- Outcome
- ear lengthe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 37e2
- Comparator
- 100% mineral fertilizer onlye2
- Setting
- semiarid conditionse1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e2“Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased ear length, grain yield, grain uptake of N and K, and crude protein yield by 37, 3, 4, 11 and 7%, respectively as compared with 100% mineral fertilizer only”
Claim · model-written summary
The HA and AA mixture with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased grain yield by 3%
- Treatment
- Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizerse2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 3e2
- Comparator
- 100% mineral fertilizer onlye2
- Setting
- semiarid conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e2“Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased ear length, grain yield, grain uptake of N and K, and crude protein yield by 37, 3, 4, 11 and 7%, respectively as compared with 100% mineral fertilizer only”
Claim · model-written summary
The HA and AA mixture with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased grain uptake of N by 4%
- Treatment
- Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizerse2
- Outcome
- grain uptake of N and Ke2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 4e2
- Comparator
- 100% mineral fertilizer onlye2
- Setting
- semiarid conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e2“Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased ear length, grain yield, grain uptake of N and K, and crude protein yield by 37, 3, 4, 11 and 7%, respectively as compared with 100% mineral fertilizer only”
Claim · model-written summary
The HA and AA mixture with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased grain uptake of K by 11%
- Treatment
- Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizerse2
- Outcome
- grain uptake of N and Ke2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 11e2
- Comparator
- 100% mineral fertilizer onlye2
- Setting
- semiarid conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e2“Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased ear length, grain yield, grain uptake of N and K, and crude protein yield by 37, 3, 4, 11 and 7%, respectively as compared with 100% mineral fertilizer only”
Claim · model-written summary
The HA and AA mixture with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased crude protein yield by 7%
- Treatment
- Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizerse2
- Outcome
- crude protein yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 7%e2
- Comparator
- 100% mineral fertilizer onlye2
- Setting
- semiarid conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e2“Applying a mixture of HA and AA with 75% NPK + biofertilizers increased ear length, grain yield, grain uptake of N and K, and crude protein yield by 37, 3, 4, 11 and 7%, respectively as compared with 100% mineral fertilizer only”
Claim · model-written summary
All investigated parameters were maximized under 75% NPK + biofertilizers combined with AA or the HA and AA mixture
- Treatment
- 75% NPK + biofertilizers combined with AA or the mixture of HA and AAe3
- Outcome
- all investigated parameterse3
- Direction
- maximizede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e3“all investigated parameters were maximized under the application of 75% NPK + biofertilizers combined with AA or the mixture of HA and AA”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing mineral NPK with biofertilizers by 25-100% caused significant reductions in all parameters
- Treatment
- replacing the mineral NPK with biofertilizers by 25-100%e4
- Outcome
- all parameterse4
- Direction
- reductionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Our results reported significant reductions in all parameters, including maize ear yield attributes and grain nutrient uptake, when replacing the mineral NPK with biofertilizers by 25-100% replacement”
Claim · model-written summary
The mineral NPK rate can be reduced by 25% with biofertilization without yield losses when combined with HA and AA
- Outcome
- the mineral NPK rate can be reduced by 25% with biofertilizatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e5“the mineral NPK rate can be reduced by 25% with biofertilization without any yield losses when combined with HA and AA under arid and semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth stimulants mitigated the significant reductions in all parameters, in the descending order HA and AA mixture > AA > HA > TA
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“improving maize ( Zea mays L .) production under semiarid conditions”
e4“Our results reported significant reductions in all parameters, including maize ear yield attributes and grain nutrient uptake, when replacing the mineral NPK with biofertilizers by 25-100% replacement”
e6“these reductions were mitigated significantly under the application of growth stimulants in the descending order: HA and AA mixture>AA>HA>TA”
The same questions in other papers
other · quality: protein · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →inoculation · quality: protein · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →other · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
106 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
115 papers more in this group
See all 119 papers →other · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
220 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
249 papers more in this group
See all 253 papers →fertilization · quality: protein · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
235 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
258 papers more in this group
See all 262 papers →inoculation · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
287 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
302 papers more in this group
See all 306 papers →inoculation · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
478 papers in the same direction as this paper · 52 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
534 papers more in this group
See all 538 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1,025 papers in the same direction as this paper · 127 in the opposite direction · 11 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
1,160 papers more in this group
See all 1,164 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.