Abstract
Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars. Commensurate with delayed senescence, fungicide programmes, particularly when including strobilurins, improved grain yield through improvements in both crop biomass and harvest index, although the relationship with green area duration of the flag leaf (GFLAD) depended on year and in some cases, cultivar. In all years fungicide treatments significantly increased the amount of nitrogen in the above-ground biomass, the amount of nitrogen in the grain and the nitrogen harvest index. All these effects could be linearly related to the fungicide effect on GFLAD. These relationships occasionally interacted with cultivar but there was no evidence that fungicide mode of action affected the relationship between GFLAD and yield of nitrogen in the grain. Fungicide treatments significantly reduced the amount of soil mineral N at harvest and when severe disease had been controlled, the net remobilization of N from the vegetation to the grain after anthesis. Fungicide maintained the filling of grain with both dry matter and nitrogen. The proportionate accumulation of nitrogen in the grain was later than that of dry matter and this difference was greater when fungicide had been applied. Effects of fungicide on grain protein concentration and its relationship with GFLAD were inconsistent over year and cultivar. There were several instances where grain protein concentration was unaffected despite large (1·5 t/ha) increases in grain yield following fungicide use. Dilution of grain protein concentration following fungicide use, when it did occur, was small compared with what would be predicted by adoption of other yield increasing techniques such as the selection of high yielding cultivars (based on currently available cultivars) or by growing wheat in favourable climates.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide programmes, particularly those including strobilurins, improved winter wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- fungicide programmese1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- particularly when including strobilurinse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e1“fungicide programmes, particularly when including strobilurins, improved grain yield through improvements in both crop biomass and harvest index”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide programmes improved crop biomass and harvest index of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicide programmese1
- Outcome
- crop biomass and harvest indexe1
- Direction
- improvementse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e1“fungicide programmes, particularly when including strobilurins, improved grain yield through improvements in both crop biomass and harvest index”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide treatments significantly increased the amount of nitrogen in above-ground biomass, in the grain and the nitrogen harvest index of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicide treatmentse2
- Outcome
- the amount of nitrogen in the above-ground biomass, the amount of nitrogen in the grain and the nitrogen harvest indexe2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e2“In all years fungicide treatments significantly increased the amount of nitrogen in the above-ground biomass, the amount of nitrogen in the grain and the nitrogen harvest index”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects of fungicide on nitrogen in winter wheat could be linearly related to the fungicide effect on GFLAD.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the fungicide effect on GFLADe3
- Outcome
- the amount of nitrogen in the graine2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e2“In all years fungicide treatments significantly increased the amount of nitrogen in the above-ground biomass, the amount of nitrogen in the grain and the nitrogen harvest index”
e3“All these effects could be linearly related to the fungicide effect on GFLAD”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide treatments significantly reduced the amount of soil mineral N at harvest.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicide treatmentse4
- Outcome
- the amount of soil mineral N at harveste4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e4“Fungicide treatments significantly reduced the amount of soil mineral N at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
When severe disease was controlled, net remobilization of N from vegetation to grain after anthesis was altered in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- when severe disease had been controllede5
- Outcome
- the net remobilization of N from the vegetation to the grain after anthesise5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e5“when severe disease had been controlled, the net remobilization of N from the vegetation to the grain after anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide maintained the filling of winter wheat grain with both dry matter and nitrogen.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fungicidee6
- Outcome
- the filling of grain with both dry matter and nitrogene6
- Direction
- maintainede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e6“Fungicide maintained the filling of grain with both dry matter and nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen accumulated proportionately in the grain of winter wheat later than dry matter.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- proportionate accumulation of nitrogen in the graine7
- Qualifier
- later than that of dry mattere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e7“The proportionate accumulation of nitrogen in the grain was later than that of dry matter”
Claim · model-written summary
The lag of grain nitrogen accumulation behind dry matter was greater when fungicide had been applied.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicide had been appliede7
- Outcome
- differencee7
- Direction
- greatere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e7“this difference was greater when fungicide had been applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects of fungicide on grain protein concentration of winter wheat were inconsistent over year and cultivar.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicidee1
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione1
- Qualifier
- inconsistent over year and cultivare1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e1“Effects of fungicide on grain protein concentration and its relationship with GFLAD were inconsistent over year and cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
In several instances grain protein concentration of winter wheat was unaffected by fungicide use despite a large grain yield increase of 1·5 t/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicide usee1
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
- Value
- 1·5 t/hae1
- Qualifier
- several instances wheree1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e1“There were several instances where grain protein concentration was unaffected despite large (1·5 t/ha) increases in grain yield following fungicide use”
Claim · model-written summary
Dilution of grain protein concentration after fungicide use was small compared with other yield increasing techniques.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fungicide usee1
- Outcome
- Dilution of grain protein concentratione1
- Direction
- smalle1
- Comparator
- other yield increasing techniquese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars”
e1“Dilution of grain protein concentration following fungicide use, when it did occur, was small compared with what would be predicted by adoption of other yield increasing techniques”
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