Abstract
Excessive use of fungicides in agriculture may result in substantial accumulation of active residues in soil, which affect crop health and yield. We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil and potential beneficial interactions of radish plants with fungicide-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The PGPR were isolated from cabbage and mustard rhizospheres. Morphological and biochemical characteristics measured using standard methods, together with analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that fungicide-tolerant PGPR, isolates PS3 and AZ2, were closely related to Pseudomonas spp. These PGPR survived in the presence of high fungicide concentrations i.e., up to 2400 μg mL−1 carbendazim (CBZM) and 3200 μg mL−1 hexaconazole (HEXA). Bacterial isolates produced plant growth stimulants even under fungicide stress, though fungicides induced surface morphological distortion and alteration in membrane permeability of these bacteria, which was proved by a set of microscopic observations. Fungicides considerably affected the germination efficiency, growth, and physiological development of R. sativus, but these effects were relieved when inoculated with PGPR isolates. For instance, CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass by 71%, whole plant length by 54%, total chlorophyll by 50%, protein content by 61%, and carotenoid production by 29%. After applying isolate AZ2 for white radish grown in CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soil, it could improve plant growth and development with increased whole plant dry weight (10%), entire plant length (13%) and total chlorophyll content (18%). Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%). Application of isolates AZ2 and PS3 could be effective for remediation of fungicide-contaminated soil and for improving the cultivation of radish plants while minimizing inputs of fungicides.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass of white radish by 71%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)
Raphanus sativuse0 - Treatment
- CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1e1
- Outcome
- whole dry biomasse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 71%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e1“For instance, CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass by 71%, whole plant length by 54%, total chlorophyll by 50%, protein content by 61%, and carotenoid production by 29%”
Claim · model-written summary
CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole plant length of white radish by 54%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1e1
- Outcome
- whole plant lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 54%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e1“For instance, CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass by 71%, whole plant length by 54%, total chlorophyll by 50%, protein content by 61%, and carotenoid production by 29%”
Claim · model-written summary
CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased total chlorophyll of white radish by 50%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1e1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 50%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e1“For instance, CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass by 71%, whole plant length by 54%, total chlorophyll by 50%, protein content by 61%, and carotenoid production by 29%”
Claim · model-written summary
CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased protein content of white radish by 61%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1e1
- Outcome
- protein contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 61%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e1“For instance, CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass by 71%, whole plant length by 54%, total chlorophyll by 50%, protein content by 61%, and carotenoid production by 29%”
Claim · model-written summary
CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased carotenoid production of white radish by 29%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1e1
- Outcome
- carotenoid productione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 29%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e1“For instance, CBZM at 1500 mg kg−1 decreased whole dry biomass by 71%, whole plant length by 54%, total chlorophyll by 50%, protein content by 61%, and carotenoid production by 29%”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate AZ2 increased whole plant dry weight of white radish grown in CBZM-amended soil by 10%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate AZ2e2
- Interactor
- isolate AZ2e2symbiont
- Outcome
- whole plant dry weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 10%e2
- Comparator
- CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e2“After applying isolate AZ2 for white radish grown in CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soil, it could improve plant growth and development with increased whole plant dry weight (10%), entire plant length (13%) and total chlorophyll content (18%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate AZ2 increased entire plant length of white radish grown in CBZM-amended soil by 13%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate AZ2e2
- Interactor
- isolate AZ2e2symbiont
- Outcome
- entire plant lengthe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 13%e2
- Comparator
- CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e2“After applying isolate AZ2 for white radish grown in CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soil, it could improve plant growth and development with increased whole plant dry weight (10%), entire plant length (13%) and total chlorophyll content (18%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate AZ2 increased total chlorophyll content of white radish grown in CBZM-amended soil by 18%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate AZ2e2
- Interactor
- isolate AZ2e2symbiont
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 18%e2
- Comparator
- CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e2“After applying isolate AZ2 for white radish grown in CBZM (10 mg kg−1)-amended soil, it could improve plant growth and development with increased whole plant dry weight (10%), entire plant length (13%) and total chlorophyll content (18%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate PS3 declined proline in white radish by 12%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate PS3e3
- Interactor
- isolate PS3e3symbiont
- Outcome
- prolinee3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Value
- 12%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e3“Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate PS3 declined malondialdehyde in white radish by 3%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate PS3e3
- Interactor
- isolate PS3e3symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Value
- 3%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e3“Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate PS3 declined ascorbate peroxidase in white radish by 6.5%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate PS3e3
- Interactor
- isolate PS3e3symbiont
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Value
- 6.5%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e3“Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate PS3 declined catalase in white radish by 18%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate PS3e3
- Interactor
- isolate PS3e3symbiont
- Outcome
- catalasee3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Value
- 18%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e3“Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate PS3 declined glutathione reductase in white radish by 4%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate PS3e3
- Interactor
- isolate PS3e3symbiont
- Outcome
- glutathione reductasee3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Value
- 4%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e3“Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival of white radish under fungicide stress.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- isolate PS3e3
- Interactor
- isolate PS3e3symbiont
- Outcome
- plant survivale3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e3“Similarly, isolate PS3 enhanced plant survival by relieving plant stress with declined biomarkers, i.e., proline (12%), malondialdehyde (3%), ascorbate peroxidase (6.5%), catalase (18%), and glutathione reductase (4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide-tolerant PGPR survived in the presence of high fungicide concentrations.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Interactor
- PGPRe4symbiont
- Outcome
- survived in the presence of high fungicide concentrationse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e4“These PGPR survived in the presence of high fungicide concentrations i.e., up to 2400 μg mL−1 carbendazim (CBZM) and 3200 μg mL−1 hexaconazole (HEXA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolates PS3 and AZ2 were closely related to Pseudomonas spp.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Material
- isolates PS3 and AZ2e5
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas spp.
Pseudomonase5other - Outcome
- closely related to Pseudomonas spp.e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e5“fungicide-tolerant PGPR, isolates PS3 and AZ2, were closely related to Pseudomonas spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides induced surface morphological distortion and altered membrane permeability of the PGPR bacteria.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Interactor
- these bacteriae6symbiont
- Outcome
- surface morphological distortion and alteration in membrane permeabilitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e6“fungicides induced surface morphological distortion and alteration in membrane permeability of these bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides considerably affected germination efficiency, growth and physiological development of white radish.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Fungicidese7
- Outcome
- germination efficiency, growth, and physiological developmente7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e7“Fungicides considerably affected the germination efficiency, growth, and physiological development of R. sativus, but these effects were relieved when inoculated with PGPR isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with PGPR isolates relieved the effects of fungicides on white radish.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (white radish)Raphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- inoculated with PGPR isolatese7
- Interactor
- PGPR isolatese7symbiont
- Outcome
- effectse7
- Direction
- relievede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the response of Raphanus sativus (white radish) to fungicides in soil”
e7“Fungicides considerably affected the germination efficiency, growth, and physiological development of R. sativus, but these effects were relieved when inoculated with PGPR isolates”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · growth · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.