Abstract
Abstract Aim Hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that have deteriorating effects on the growth and quality of the end product of wheat. Consequently, this research was designed to evaluate the role of Bacillus subtilis and phosphorus fertilizer on wheat facing Cr+6 stress. Methods and Results The soil was incubated with Bacillus subtilis and phosphorus fertilizer before sowing. The statistical analysis of the data showed that the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded considerably more significant (p < 0.05) results compared with an individual application of the respective treatments. The co-treatment improved the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of plants compared with untreated controls. The increase in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight was 38.17%, 29.31%, 47.89% and 45.85%, respectively, compared with untreated stress-facing plants. The application of B. subtilis and phosphorus enhanced osmolytes content (proline 39.98% and sugar 41.30%), relative water content and stability maintenance of proteins (86.65%) and cell membranes (66.66%). Furthermore, augmented production of antioxidants by 67.71% (superoxide dismutase), 95.39% (ascorbate peroxidase) and 60.88% (catalase), respectively, were observed in the Cr+6 – stressed plants after co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus. Conclusion It was observed that the accumulation of Cr+6 was reduced by 54.24%, 59.19% and 90.26% in the shoot, root and wheat grains, respectively. Thus, the combined application of B. subtilis and phosphorus has the potential to reduce the heavy metal toxicity in crops. Significance and Impact of the Study This study explored the usefulness of Bacillus subtilis and phosphorus application on wheat in heavy metal stress. It is a step toward the combinatorial use of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria with nutrients to improve the ecosystems' health.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment outperformed individual applications.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphoruse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- more significante0
- Direction
- more significante0
- Comparator
- individual application of the respective treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded considerably more significant (p < 0.05) results compared with an individual application of the respective treatments”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased shoot length by 38.17%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 38.17%e0
- Comparator
- untreated stress-facing plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight was 38.17%, 29.31%, 47.89% and 45.85%, respectively, compared with untreated stress-facing plants”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root length by 29.31%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 29.31%e0
- Comparator
- untreated stress-facing plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight was 38.17%, 29.31%, 47.89% and 45.85%, respectively, compared with untreated stress-facing plants”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased shoot fresh weight by 47.89%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 47.89%e0
- Comparator
- untreated stress-facing plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight was 38.17%, 29.31%, 47.89% and 45.85%, respectively, compared with untreated stress-facing plants”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased root fresh weight by 45.85%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 45.85%e0
- Comparator
- untreated stress-facing plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight was 38.17%, 29.31%, 47.89% and 45.85%, respectively, compared with untreated stress-facing plants”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment increased proline content by 39.98%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis and phosphoruse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 39.98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of B. subtilis and phosphorus enhanced osmolytes content (proline 39.98% and sugar 41.30%)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment increased sugar content by 41.30%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis and phosphoruse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- sugare0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 41.30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of B. subtilis and phosphorus enhanced osmolytes content (proline 39.98% and sugar 41.30%)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced relative water content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis and phosphoruse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of B. subtilis and phosphorus enhanced osmolytes content (proline 39.98% and sugar 41.30%), relative water content and stability maintenance of proteins (86.65%) and cell membranes (66.66%)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced protein stability by 86.65%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis and phosphoruse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- stability maintenance of proteinse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 86.65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of B. subtilis and phosphorus enhanced osmolytes content (proline 39.98% and sugar 41.30%), relative water content and stability maintenance of proteins (86.65%) and cell membranes (66.66%)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment enhanced cell membrane stability by 66.66%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of B. subtilis and phosphoruse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- cell membranese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 66.66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of B. subtilis and phosphorus enhanced osmolytes content (proline 39.98% and sugar 41.30%), relative water content and stability maintenance of proteins (86.65%) and cell membranes (66.66%)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment augmented superoxide dismutase production by 67.71%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- augmentede0
- Value
- 67.71%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“augmented production of antioxidants by 67.71% (superoxide dismutase), 95.39% (ascorbate peroxidase) and 60.88% (catalase)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment augmented ascorbate peroxidase production by 95.39%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- augmentede0
- Value
- 95.39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“augmented production of antioxidants by 67.71% (superoxide dismutase), 95.39% (ascorbate peroxidase) and 60.88% (catalase)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment augmented catalase production by 60.88%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- augmentede0
- Value
- 60.88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“augmented production of antioxidants by 67.71% (superoxide dismutase), 95.39% (ascorbate peroxidase) and 60.88% (catalase)”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment reduced chromium accumulation in shoots by 54.24%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cr+6e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 54.24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of Cr+6 was reduced by 54.24%, 59.19% and 90.26% in the shoot, root and wheat grains, respectively”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment reduced chromium accumulation in roots by 59.19%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cr+6e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 59.19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of Cr+6 was reduced by 54.24%, 59.19% and 90.26% in the shoot, root and wheat grains, respectively”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment reduced chromium accumulation in wheat grains by 90.26%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- wheat grainse0
- Treatment
- co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorust1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cr+6e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 90.26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of Cr+6 was reduced by 54.24%, 59.19% and 90.26% in the shoot, root and wheat grains, respectively”
t0“wheat”
t1“the co-application of B. subtilis and phosphorus yielded”
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See all 53 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.